chapter2

Question 1

a segment of the DNA
[deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 1

gene

Question 2

Store and transmit information from cell to cell (mitosis)
and from parent to offspring (meiosis)

Answer 2

gene

Question 3

Each nucleotide consists of

Answer 3

phosphate
(P),
a sugar (S) and
a base (B)

Question 4

how many chromosomes of Chicken

Answer 4

78 chromosomes, 39 pairs

Question 5

how many chromosomes of Turkey

Answer 5

82 chromosomes, 41 pairs

Question 6

how many chromosomes of Duck

Answer 6

80 chromosomes, 40 pairs

Question 7

Responses to selection depend
on the extent to which the traits
are inherited.

Answer 7

SELECTION METHODS

Question 8

This inheritance level is
expressed by the so-called

Answer 8

heritability (h2
).

Question 9

Pure lines are primarily
developed by use of

Answer 9

closed
flock selection

Question 10

SELECTION PROCEDURES

Answer 10

Based on individual Performance
Based on the Performance of their

Sibs (family selection)

Question 11

Moderately to Highly Heritable Traits

Answer 11

Physical characteristics
Productive traits

Question 12

Lowly Heritable Traits

Answer 12

Biological fitness
Reproduction

Question 13

a selection procedure to find the lines with the best combining
ability

Answer 13

RECIPROCAL RECURRENT SELECTION PROGRAM

Question 14

The end products are generally originating from 4 different lines.
This is called a

Answer 14

4-way-crossing

Question 15

Characteristics most often considered in selecting pure-line breeders are:

Answer 15

Growth
Reproduction

Question 16

can be classified depending on whether it is
aimed to increase homozygosity or heterozygosity.

Answer 16

SYSTEM OF BREEDING

Question 17

a breeding system means each possible mating in a population
has the same probability or occurrence. Normally used in breeding
experiments to minimize genetic changes in a control population
wherein selected populations are controlled.

Answer 17

Random Mating

Question 18

mating between individuals which are more closely
related to each other than the average relationship between all
individuals in a population. It can be consistently carried out for
several generations.

Answer 18

Inbreeding

Question 19

under Inbreeding system

Answer 19

Close inbreeding
Strain Breeding
Line breeding

Question 20

• opposite of inbreeding. Mating of animals that are less
  closely related. Mating between strains or inbred lines are the forms of
  outbreeding.

Answer 20

Outbreeding

Question 21

• Two different populations (inbred lines, strains or breeds)
  are crossed to produce a first filial (F1) generation.

Answer 21

Single or 2-way cross

Question 22

In this method, F1 crossbred females (AB) are mated to males
of a third line (C), to obtain a F2 progeny (ABC)

Answer 22

Three-way cross

Question 23

Mating between sibs and parents and progeny.
Full sib mating and backcrossing of the progeny to the younger of
the parents are often practiced.

Answer 23

Close inbreeding -

Question 24

• Developing a small group of animals within a
  breed and variety with a special character in view. This is a mild form
  of inbreeding.

Answer 24

Strain Breeding

Question 25

inbreeding with an ancestral line and is the most intensive form of back-crossing. Line breeding is backcrossing to the same parent for several generations in succession.

Answer 25

Line breeding

Question 26

METHODS OF MATING

Answer 26

Pen mating Flock mating Stud mating Artificial Insemination (AI)

Question 27

– the usual method of pedigree breeding of chicken to segregate a single male with a group of females for the period of breeding season.

Answer 27

Pen mating

Question 28

– several males to females ; system by which two or more roosters go with the hens in the pen.

Answer 28

Flock mating

Question 29

– males are penned and females are brought to them after every 3 eggs lay; usual procedure to have a male confined at all times to individual pens and female will be introduced,

Answer 29

Stud mating

Question 30

is defined as the pairing of a male and a female for the purpose of reproduction or production of young ones.

Answer 30

Mating

Question 31

is the technique by which seminal fluid (semen) of male is introduced or deposited into the female reproductive tract by a pipette.

Answer 31

Artificial Insemination (AI)

Question 32

Artificial Insemination (AI) Advantages:

Answer 32

* Allows an unlimited number of single male mating without requiring extensive breeding equipment * Accurate Pedigree possible * If, due to some reason, a male of superior qualities cannot mate, it can still contribute to the next generation * The incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is reduced or avoided

Question 33

Artificial Insemination (AI) Disadvantages:

Answer 33

It requires more labor * Chances of cross-contamination of birds through the inseminating equipment * Involves handling of birds which may cause stress.

Question 34

It is a red wild chicken that is widely spread in the East-Java, Burma, Thailand and Sumatra

Answer 34

Red jungle fowl (labuyo), Gallus bankiva

Question 35

it is pale gray wild chicken that is widely spread in South and West India.

Answer 35

Gray jungle fowl ,G. sonnerati

Question 36

It is a wild chicken found in Sri lanka.

Answer 36

* Ceylon jungle fowl, G. lafayeti

Question 37

It is a Javanese wild chicken that is widely spread on the Island of Java and lesser Sunda Island

Answer 37

Java (green) jungle fowl, G. varius

Question 38

widely believed to be the most probable ancestor of the modern chicken.

Answer 38

Red jungle fowl

Question 39

* Some changes in the genetic make-up of certain individuals due to factors that are within as well as factors that surround the subject.

Answer 39

GENETIC MUTATION

Question 40

The change have been transmitted from generation with the possibility of being modified from time to time as more factors and individuals interact with each other.

Answer 40

GENETIC MUTATION

Question 41

types of SELECTION

Answer 41

Natural selection Artificial selection

Question 42

it is the type of selection that (survival of the fittest),Climatic differences ,Difference in nutrition.

Answer 42

Natural selection

Question 43

it is the type of selection that the interference of man in achieving certain goals and personal ideals in improving the chicken for meat, for eggs, for fighting cocks, for fancy feathers

Answer 43

Artificial selection

Question 44

CLASSIFICATION OF BREEDS AND VARIETIES

Answer 44

Class Breed Variety Strain

Question 45

Class – a group of chicken that were developed in common area

Question 46

a group of chickens (fowls) possessing certain conformation or shape of body that distinguishes them from other chickens.

Answer 46

Breed

Question 47

– a group of chickens within a breed that have the same plumage color and type of comb.

Answer 47

Variety

Question 48

a group of chickens within a variety of a breed which has undergone constant specific selection for certain traits by a specified breeder for periods of about 5 to 8 years.

Answer 48

Strain

Question 49

The existing breeds of poultry are classified into 2 ways:

Answer 49

(1) Economic/Utility Classification and (2) Standard Classification

Question 50

Egg type chicken

Answer 50

Leghorn Minorca Ancona Mikawa

Question 50

Meat type

Answer 50

Brahma Cochin, Langshan Cornish white rock

Question 51

General/ Dual- purpose type

Answer 51

Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire, Plymouth Rock, Lancaster, Nagoya, Cantonese

Question 52

Fancy Class

Answer 52

Silkies Bantams & Frizzle

Question 53

Fighting Class

Answer 53

Hatch, Sweater, Claret, Lemon, Whitehackle, Roundhead, Orientals, Regular grey, Dom, Butcher, Kelso, Brown red, Muff

Question 54

American class

Answer 54

Plymouth Rock, Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire, Lancaster

Question 55

Asiatic class

Answer 55

Brahma, Cochin, Langshan,Cantonses, Nagoya

Question 56

English class

Answer 56

Orpington, Cornish, Sussex & Australorp

Question 57

Mediterranean class

Answer 57

Leghorn, Minorca & Ancona

Question 58

SELECTION OF BREEDERS

Answer 58

Health and vigor Body conformation Size Color Head Wings and tail Shanks and toes Combs Egg performance

Question 59

SELECTION OF GOOD BROILERS

Answer 59

Appear healthy and lively * Feathering shiny and normal (may depend on the breed) * Large size for the age * Eyes clear and shiny * Clean and dry beak and nostrils * Clean feathers around the vent * Straight legs and toes

Question 59

SELECTION OF GOOD LAYERS

Answer 59

Should appear healthy and lively. * Feathering normal for the breed. * A red comb (more colored when in lay). * Eyes clear and shiny. * Clean and dry beak and nostrils.

Question 60

SELECTION OF GOOD COCK

Answer 60

* Alert and protective nature. * Shiny and normal feathering for the breed. * Clear and shiny eyes. * Clean and dry beak and nostrils. * Clean feathers around the vent. * Straight legs and toes with no signs of scaly legs. * Large size relative to the hens.

Question 61

SIMPLE RULES TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT BREED AND IMPROVE SELECTION

Answer 61

* Practice judging the external features of cocks, hens, growers, and chicks, to know which features indicate a good healthy and productive animal. * Always choose birds with a lively behavior. * Always check whether the hens are in lay. * A potentially good layer has a long straight back and a broad bottom. * Always check the belly and navel spot of newly hatched chicks.

Question 62

PROSPECT OF NATIVE CHICKEN

Answer 62

*Increasing demand for chicken meat with strong flavor. * Conforms with criteria for organically produced products. * Animal Welfare Act and humane management system. * Meat available in live, fresh and fresh-chilled, and cut-up parts forms. * Preference for intense yellow-colored egg yolk. *Not import dependent

Question 63

POTENTIAL OF NATIVE CHICKEN

Answer 63

* Can survive without expensive feeds and inputs. * Well-adapted to climatic extremes. * Can live and reproduce even under harsh conditions, * Resistant to many known diseases that plague modern breeds * Good ranging ability. * Can convert farm by-products and other traditional feeds into meat, eggs and fertilizer,

Question 64

how many percent of Laying period livability in native chicken

Answer 64

More than 80%

Question 65

how many clutches per year Egg production in native chicken

Answer 65

10-15 per clutch; 60-100 per year