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SY101 Introduction to Sociology I: Critical Foundations > Chapters 1-2 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapters 1-2 Test Review Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Four Main Theoretical Traditions in Sociology

A

Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, Feminism

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2
Q

Émile Durkheim’s Theory of Suicide (What groups were suicide rates higher?)

A

suicide rates higher among unmarried men, christians, and seniors

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3
Q

Two social forces influencing suicide

A

Social Integration: Connection between individuals & the group
- How integrated are you into society?
- Seniors are less integrated

Social Control: Regulating Norms, values, expectations, and individual responsibilities
- Ex late 1800s French society started secularizing & church became less significant (loss of power & social control)
- Jewish people had more of a sense of community/had to protect each other (more social control)

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4
Q

Egoistic Suicide

A

poor integration of people in society because of weak social ties - eg unemployed or unmarried vs employed & married

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5
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

when vague norms govern behaviour - high when society lacks a moral code - Example: Person dies by suicide after a stock market crash

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6
Q

Altruistic suicide

A

when norms tightly govern behaviour - soldiers who give up their lives for their country

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7
Q

Fatalistic Suicide

A

Excessive control over norms & values, Absolutely no autonomy, no agency, no freedom, Feel helpless - suicide is only way out of society
Example: Prisoner serving a life sentence dies by suicide

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8
Q

Microstructures

A

patterns of intimate social relations - formed during face to face interaction - families, friendship circles, work associations

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9
Q

Mesostructures

A

patterns of social relations formed in organizations whose members are often not intimately acquainted and who often do not interact face to face - colleges, bureaucracies, political parties

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10
Q

Macrostructures

A

patterns of social relations that lie outside and above your circle of intimates & acquaintances & the social organizations you may interact with - include class relations & patriarchy - the traditional system of economic & political inequality between women & men in society

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11
Q

Global Structures

A

international organizations, patterns of worldwide travel & communication, economic relations between countries

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12
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

the ability to see the connection between personal troubles & social structures

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13
Q

Functionalist theory

A

Stresses that human behaviour is governed by stable patterns of social relations

Functionalists analyze macrostructures

Underlines how social structures maintain or undermine social stability

Social structures are based mainly on shared values

Social solidarity binds people together

Reestablishing equilibrium can best solve most social problems

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14
Q

Manifest function (intended purpose)

A

of schools is to transmit skills from one gen to next

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15
Q

Latent function (unintended purpose)

A

develops youth culture that conflicts with parents value

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16
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Argue that macrostructures create division & conflict between dominant and subordinate groups

Social inequality produces conflict, not consensus

Inequitable societies produce conflict

Subordinate groups do not like being subordinate and want to change their status

Oppressor & oppressed stood in constant opposition to one another

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17
Q

Karl Marx

A

Capitalist societies are defined by the conflict between the owning class & the working class

The bourgeoisie use social structures to maintain their power - while proletarians struggle for equality

Real social change only happens through conflict

If the working class can become conscious of their common exploitation (class consciousness) they will rise up and form a social movement that

Aboloshes private property

Establishes a communist society

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18
Q

Auguste Conte (1798-1857)

A

coined term sociology - tried to study society on scientific foundations - how it is not how people imagined it

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19
Q

Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937)

A

Famous Italian communist

Asked why do people accept social inequality?

Classical theories of power and inequality focus on force

Believed ruling classes established their dominance by using force & by funding the development and learning of ideas that seem to embody the values of the whole society but actually are in favour of class dominance

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20
Q

Theory

A

a tentative explanation for some aspect of social life - how & why facts are related

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21
Q

Research

A

process of systematically observing social reality to assess the validity of a theory

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22
Q

Values

A

ideas about what is right or wrong

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23
Q

Machiavelli

A

The state = force(lion) coined coercive power -legally enforces discipline on groups of people who do not consent to the dominant group” - military, police

Civil Society - Consent (Fox)

The lion method is always overthrown - the tyrant is killed by another tyrant and replaced

You need to be both a fox and a lion to maintain power

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24
Q

Cultural Hegemony

A

the interests of the dominant group are represented as the general interests of the society - subordinate groups “spontaneuously consent” to their interests and view them as commonsensical

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25
Symbolic Interactionism
Focuses on face-to-face communication/interaction in micro-level settings Emphasizes that the explanation of social behaviour requires understanding subjective meanings people attach to their social circumstances Stresses that people help to create their social circumstances & do not just react to them
26
Human Agency
people do not just react to social circumstances; they actively create subjective meanings
27
Erving Goffman (1922-1982) Dramaturgical Approach
People are social actors who manage their identities to create desired impressions from their audience (like actors)
28
Patriarchy
Social structure that subordinates females to male domination (examined in micro, macro, and global structures)
29
Feminism
Distinguish between biological sex & gender Male domination determined by social structures, not biology Eliminating gender inequality is beneficial for everyone in society
30
Arlie Hochschild - prof of sociology UC Berkley (progessive)
Studies the sociology of emotions Uses feminism, social interactionism & conflict theory Feelings are culturally mediated - we feel them through culture Ex don’t make a scene at someone else’s wedding (rude) We intuitively know the feeling rules of each situation of our society We know you have to conform to the feeling rules even if we don’t feel that way
31
Feeling Rules
rules about what feeling is or is not appropriate to a given social setting We intuitively know the feeling rules of each situation of our society We know you have to conform to the feeling rules even if we don’t feel that way
32
Emotion management
Controlling one’s emotions and following feeling rules’ in the private sphere (outside of the workspace) We all act in social situations
33
Surface Acting
Affected displays of feelings that are inauthentic (inside does not match outside)
34
Deep Acting
Display is a natural result of working on feeling, the actor does not try to seem happy or sad but rather expresses spontaneously... a real feeling that has been self-induced"
35
Emotional Labour
Controlling one’s emotions and following ‘feeling rules’ for the sake of getting paid (i.e. paid employment in the public sphere)
36
Gendered Division of Labour
Rational Jobs = Masculine (impartial judges) Men socialized to be rational & impartial (doctors) Emotional Jobs = Feminine (caregivers & pink collar)
37
Main focus of each sociological theory
Functionalism: How social institutions foster social stability Conflict Theory: Social conflict between powerful and subordinate groups Feminism: Patriarchal social structure that subordinates females to male domination Symbolic Interactionism: Creation of social meaning through social interactions
38
Prostetant ethic
protestants believed they would be rewarded if they worked diligently & lived modestly
39
Social constructionism
Argue that when people interact they assume things are innately what they appear but they are actually are created by social processes - similar to symbolic interactionism
40
Queer Theory
takes social constructionism further & denies the existence of stable identities
41
The Post Industrial Revolution
The technology driven shift from manufacturing to service industries & the consequences of this shift
42
Globalization
the process which separate economies, states, cultures become intertwined and interdependent
43
Ethnomethodology
study of how people make sense of what others do & say (social norms that are outside individual people
44
Research Cycle
1.Formulate Question 2. Review Existing Literature 3. Select Method 4. Collect Data 5. Analyze Data 6. Report Results
45
Objectivity
stresses that observations should be free of the distorting effects of a person’s values & expectations
46
Casual relationship
involves a relationship between 2 variables where change in one causes change in the second
47
What 4 criteria are essential to establish a causal relationship?
Association Time ordering/temporality Nonspuriousness the existence of social mechanisms that link cause & effect
48
Dependent variable
a variable that is assumed to depend on or be caused by one or more (independent variables)
49
Ethics
involved an individual’s ability to understand what is being asked of them and make a reasoned judgement about the effects research participation might have on them & make a choice without being coerced - (informed consent)
50
Experiments
controlled tests of the causal effects of particular variables on dependent or outcome variables
51
Explanation
an account of the causal logic that shows how & why variables influence one another
52
External Validity
the generalizability of a particular finding from the study group to a larger population
53
Hawthorne effect
changes in people’s behaviour caused by their awareness of being studied - (people usually perform better when they know they’re being watched) Workers’ output was a response to the fact that they were studied, to their new relationships, and not to the changes in the physical conditions of their work
54
Validity
accuracy or relevancy of a measurement in relation to the theoretical concept that it is supposed to measure
55
Reliability
the consistency with which something can be measured
56
Measurement
is considered reliable if it is consistent or repeatable
57
Hypothesis
an unverified knowledge claim/hunch about how the world works - it is a testable statement derived from a theory about the relationship between 2 or more variables
58
Interview
a method of collecting information by asking people questions in person or over the phone - range from highly structured - to very loosely structured
59
Meaningful action
occurs with specific intentions or reasons in mind Example - winking at someone - has intention you need to understand it to know what is happening - most human activity is meaningful action or social action
60
Randomization
a procedure used in experiments to assign test subjects to experimental conditions based on chance
61
Self-administered questionnaire
a method of collecting info by having people record their own answers to preset questions
62
Spurious relationship
involves an incorrect inference about the causal relationships between variables
63
Understanding
the ability to provide a definition of a situation that members of a culture find authentic & valid
64
Variables
things that vary or attributes/ events that can take on more than one value (unemployment, rate, age, sex)
65
Ethnography
the detailed description of a particular culture or way of life or written results of a participant-observation study
66
Participant observation
involves the participation of the researcher in the activities of the group under investigation - attempts to give an insider’s account of a way of life or cultural system
67
Sampling
the process of selecting units from a larger population
68
Random sampling
involves the selection of representative units (people, organizations) from a population (Canadians, voluntary organizations in a city) samples can be selected by probability(where every unit has a non-zero chance of selection) or non-probability (where chance does not enter into the selection of sample units)
69
probability
(where every unit as a non-zero chance of selection)
70
nonprobability
(where chance does not enter into the selection of sample units)
71
Family wage
enough money for the father to support the entire family
72
Social Psychological Approach
if you treat employees like humans who are social beings, they will be more cooperative and productive

SY101 Introduction to Sociology I: Critical Foundations (3 decks)

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