Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Norms
A
societal expectations for how to think, behave or look; what is acceptable and unacceptable
2
Q
Normative
A
The default for a norm
3
Q
Micro level
A
Individual experiences and personal choices
4
Q
Macro level
A
Broader social forces
5
Q
Sociology
A
Systematic and methodical study of society
6
Q
Sociological imagination
A
Ability to perceive interconnections between individual experiences and larger social forces
7
Q
Agency
A
people’s capacity to make choice
8
Q
Empirical method
A
Systematic data collection producing verifiable findings
9
Q
Theory
A
Set of propositions intended to explain a fact or phenomenon
10
Q
Manifest function
A
Intended function of a societal structure
11
Q
Latent function
A
Unintended function of a societal structure
12
Q
Anomie
A
State of normlessness
13
Q
Who are the bourgeoisie?
A
Owners of means of production
14
Q
Proletariat
A
owners of their own labour
15
Q
Patriarchy
A
Legal and social power vested in males
16
Q
Discourse
A
Ways of understanding a subject or social phenomenon
17
Q
Post-disciplinary
A
Boundaries between disciplines have blurred
18
Q
Interdisciplinary
A
Working together to understand a social phenomenon
19
Q
Phenomenon
A
A fact or situation that is observed to exist
20
Q
Direst observation
A
Verifiable knowledge
21
Q
Empirical
A
Data driven through observation
22
Q
3 Forms of Theorizing
A
1.Positivist 2.Interpretive 3.Critical
23
Q
What is positivist
A
Explanation and prediction
24
Q
What is interpretive
A
Understanding self and others
25
What is critical theorizing?
Power and emancipation
26
Emancipation
To remove barriers
27
Praxis
Word for practicve
28
Feminist Perspective
Critical, micro and macro
Many types but they believe men and women are equal
29
Interactionist Perspective
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
Interpretive, macro
Communications can be direct or indirect
30
Conflict Perspective
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Bourgeoisie vs proletariat
Critical, macro
competition over resources
31
Functionalist perspective
How does it contribute to society?
Positivist, macro
Explains interdependence of societal segments
32
What is a concept compared to Variable?
Concept: abstract idea in words that must be described
Variable: a categorical property of people or things
33
Deductive reasoning
Begins with theory or explanation and then tests it
Hypothesis testing, theory driven
34
Inductive reasoning
Qualitative
Begins with examining data to reach a theory
Theory building and data driven
35
Goals of Sociological Research
Explore, Describe, Explain, Evaluate, Empower
36
Replicability
Having the quality to be copied
37
Reliability
Variable consistently measured
38
Validity
We measure what we intend to measure (intended concept)
39
Independent variable vs dependent variable
Cause variable and the effect variable
40
Operalization
Variables defined to be precisely measured
41
Tri-Council Policy statement
Guiding research ethics policy for research involving humans
42
Survey
Quantitative method using a questionnaire
43
Interview
Qualitative data, verbal question and answer technique
44
Ethnography
Interactive field work to gather qualitative data
45
Anonymity
Anonymous, nobody knows who says what
46
Confidentiality
Identity is confined from public
47
Culture
Environment in which we are raised and continue to be socialized
48
Material vs Nonmaterial culture
Material: physical things people have
Can tell us about nonmaterial culture:the behaviours of an individual
49
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Language shapes reality due to environmental affects
50
3 types of Norms
1. Folkways 2. Mores 3. Taboos
51
Folkways norms
Informal unwritten rules
52
Mores norms
Formal and written rules that are important
53
Taboos norms
Wrong in and of themselves
54
Perspective norms and proscriptive norms
Behaviours encouraged and a statement
55
Durkheim norm
Norms and values are social facts that result in a collective conscience
56
Parsons norms
Norms and values work together to keep society running smoothly
57
Cultural relativism
Society’s customs ideas should be understood; not judging
58
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s society is superior and used to compare others
59
Subcultures
Divergent language, norms and beliefs different from the dominant culture
60
Delinquent subcultures
Emerge in response to special problems that members of dominant culture do not face
61
Symbol
An object or image to represent a particular concept of culture
62
Socialization
The self and social idenitity
63
What is self-concept and an example
The sense of who you are based on similarities and differences from others
Ex. Body image
64
What is the opposite end of the Personal-Social Identity Continuum?
Unique characteristics and groups
65
3 Stages of Development of the Self
1. Preparatory stage 2. Play stage 3. Game stage
66
What is preparatory stage and example
Imitate others
Waving “bye-bye”
67
What is play stage and an example
Take on rules of others
Ex. Playing house
68
What is game stage and an example
Taking on multiple roles simultaneously
Ex. Sports team
69
What is Mead’s representation of the Self?
The “I” and the “Me”
70
3 steps of Looking-Glass Self
Imagine how we appear
Imagine how others see us/our appearance is judged
Make changes based off those judgments
71
Status
Any recognized social position
72
Role
The behavioural component of a given status
73
Ascribed status
Imposed on us, given to us that can’t be controlled
74
Achieved status
Personal action to get this status
75
Master status
Most influential status in status set
Could be ascribed or archived
76
Statues set
All of your statuses
77
Role conflict
Two or more statuses inferring with another
78
Role strain
Stress from the demands of a single status
79
What is Max Weber’s ideal type of bureaucracy?
-division of labour
-hierarchy of authority
-written rules
-impersonality in decision making
-employment based on qualifications
80
Biological determinism
Human behaviour is controlled by genetics
81
Sociobiology
Social behaviour evolved from need to survive and reproduce
82
Behaviourism
Denying free will, all behaviour is learned
83
Bio-ecological theory of human development
Development as dynamic process on interaction where individuals shape their environment in which they develop
84
Looking-Glass Self
Sense of self based on perceived view of self by others
85
Agents of socialization
Groups, institutions, settings with the greatest influence on the developing self
86
Self esteem
Evaluation of one’s own self-worth
87
Social structure
Framework of cultural elements and social patterns in which social interactions take place
88
Bureaucracy
Formal organizational model consisting of chain of authority, clear division of labour
Hierarchy of authority
89
Social group
Two or more people sharing relevant cultural elements and interacting with one another
90
Social institution
System of social roles and norms organized to promote social order
91
Social networks
Link individuals and social groups together
92
What was Charles Cooley concept?
Looking-Glass Self
Their concept of self by observe how they are perceived by others
93
What was George Herbert Mead’s concept?
(1934)
Research of the development of the self
The “I” and the “Me”
94
What is Harriet Martineau involved with?
Feminist perspective
95
Who had Interactionist Perspectives?
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
Herbert Blumer (1900-1987)
96
Who had a Conflict perspective?
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
97
Who had a Functionalist perspective?
Emilie Durkheim (1858-1917)
