Chapters 1 & 3 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
What is a neurogenic communication disorder?
A
A disturbance of problem with communication arising from damage to the nervous system
2
Q
The nervous system consists of the ____ & the _____
A
Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system
3
Q
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of:
A
The brain & spinal cord
4
Q
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of:
A
The cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves
5
Q
Some neurogenic communication disorders include:
A
Aphasias, dysarthrias, apraxia of speech, right hemisphere disorders, dementia
6
Q
Four treatment environments include the following: (1)
A
- Skilled nursing facility
- Acute care facility
- Rehabilitation facility
- Outpatient rehabilitation facility
7
Q
Four treatment environments include the following: (2)
A
- Home health care
- Hospice care
- Children’s hospital
- Schools
8
Q
The three key areas involved in neurogenic disorders are
A
Cognition, language, and speech
9
Q
____ is the ability to acquire and process knowledge about the world/ process thought
A
Cognition
10
Q
Cognition is the ability to ____ and ____ about the world/ process thought
A
Acquire and process knowledge
11
Q
Why is cognition so important?
A
Many cognitive processes underlie and support appropriate and effective communication
12
Q
A lack of cognitive abilities undermines the _____
A
Ability to communicate effectively
13
Q
Why is cognition so important?
A
If the patient can’t remember what the SLP just said, then the patient will not be able to response appropriate.
14
Q
The role, as a SLP, is to—
A
Identify and treat deficits in cognition that contribute to disordered communication
15
Q
The 13 types of cognition include:
A
- Arousal
- Orienting
- Attention
- Working memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
- Procedural memory
- Declarative memory
- Episodic memory
- Orientation
- Problem solving
- Inferencing
- Executive functions
16
Q
Arousal is the level _____ and the ability to___ to stimuli
A
Wakefulness; respond
17
Q
An example of arousal is—
A
Glasgow Coma Scale
18
Q
The level of wakefulness and the ability to respond to stimuli is known as _____
A
Arousal
19
Q
The ability to direct attention towards a stimulus
A
Orienting
20
Q
Hierarchy order of treatment of attention:
A
Vigilance
Sustained attention
Selective attention
Alternating attention
Divided attention
21
Q
The ability to stay alert to the occurrence of a possible stimulus
A
Vigilance
22
Q
Sustained attention is the ability to ____ on a _____ stimulus
A
The ability to hold attention on a single stimulus
23
Q
The ability to hold attention on a stimulus while ignoring the presence of competing stimuli
A
Selective attention
24
Q
The ability to alternate one’s attention back and forth from one stimulus to another
A
Alternating attention
25
Divided attention is the ability to attend to _____
The ability to attend to one stimulus while simultaneously attending to another stimulus
26
Another word for divided attention is—
Multitasking
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The ability to hold a finite amount of information for immediate processing and manipulating
Working memory
28
According to Baddeley (1986) model, on working memory:
1. Phonological loop responsible for retention and processing of speech and language
2. Visuospatial sketch pad for retaining visual information for active processing. Example: location of a parked car
29
An example of working memory is
Holding onto directions until you reach the destination
30
Short-term memory is the ability to store _______ in one’s memory in a ______ state for a period of a few seconds or minutes, a few hours or days
Information; readily accessible
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Short term memory involves a ___ storage capacity
Limited storage capacity
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An example of short term memory is
What you had for lunch/breakfast
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Storing information in a readily accessible way
Short term memory
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Ability to store information in one’s memory for months or years
Long term memory
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Long term memory involves functionally ____ capacity for information
Functionally unlimited capacity for information
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The memory of sequences of action used to complete task
Procedural memory
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Procedural memory uses “_____” memory
“How to” memory
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In procedural memory, much is ____ and deployed in ____ function
Much is overlearned and deployed in automatic function
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The ability to remember facts
Declarative memory
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In episodic memory, you must ___ specific ___
Recall of specific, recently experienced events (or episodes)
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An example of episodic memory is remembering -
A vacation
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Knowledge of oneself, and of her place and space in time
Orientation
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Some questions involved in orientation are—
Who am i?
Where am i?
When am i?
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Ability to find an appropriate solution to a problem
Problem solving
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Problem solving involves the ability to _____ to solve a problem, ___ the strategy and ____ the results
Ability to pick a strategy to solve a problem, apply the strategy and evaluate the results
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Given details, the ability to make a leap in judgement to a correct interpretation of the overall meaning of the details
Inferencing
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Executive functions involves ____ cognitive systems that employ and manage other ones
High level cognitive systems that employ and manage other ones
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The ability to plan a sequence of actions to achieve a goal, the ability to maintain behaviors meant to accomplish goals, ability to monitor a situation and modify behavior accordingly
Executive functions
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Executive functions uses cognitive functions such as ____, ____, ____, _____, _____, ______ behaviors to meet high-level goals
Attention, memory, planning, problem solving, initiating, and organizational behaviors
50
Executive functions are housed in _____ area of the ____ lobes
Housed in prefrontal areas of the frontal lobes
51
Language is defined as a set of ____ used to _____ meaning
A set of symbols used to communicate meaning
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Language is defined as a set of symbols used to communicate meaning.
Symbols include:
1. Written language
2. Verbal as in spoken language
3. Manual as in sign language
- expressive and receptive abilities
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What are the two types of language
Expressive and receptive
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Words people assign to ideas to express the meaning of their thoughts
Expressive language
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The ability to understand language is known as —
Receptive language
56
An example of expressive language is
Verbal or written
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An example of receptive language is —-
Understand spoken and written language
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Speech is defined as ___ made by the ____ and ____ structures of the body to create verbal language
Speech is defined as sounds made by the vocal and articulatory structures of the body to create verbal language
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Verbal production of language is known as
Speech
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What does etiology mean?
Underlying cause of a symptom or deficit
61
Neurogenic communication disorders vary greatly in their etiology. True or false
True
62
Results from a systemic breakdown or destruction of structures within the peripheral or central nervous system
Degenerative disorders and diseases
63
____ ethnologies include sudden or traumatic events
Acute ethnologies
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Acute ethnologies include sudden or traumatic events, such as:
Traumatic brain injury
Seizures
Tumor
Surgical trauma
Infection
Stroke
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____ diseases can also produce deficits in speech, cognition and language
Infectious diseases
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How the damage to the nervous system manifests in deficits in communication, cognition and behavior is determined by:
1. The site of the damage
2. And the severity of the damage
67
Means to be of an unknown origin
Idiopathic etiology
68
___ is the 3rd leading cause of death in the United States, behind heart diseases and cancer
Stroke/ cerebrovascular accident
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Stoke/ cerebrovascular accident is the leading cause of_____ and _____disability
Leading cause of hospital admission and long-term disability
70
It is estimated that every ___ someone in the US has a stroke
40 seconds
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It is estimated that every ____ someone dies of a stroke
4 minutes
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Studies have shown more ____ die of stroke than ____
Studies show more women die of stroke than men
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A stroke is an ____ to blood flow to a part of the brain by a ____ or _____
An interruption to blood flow to a part of the brain by a clot or hemorrhage
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Another word for stroke is
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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A stroke is when brain tissue is permanently destroyed ceases to function due to increase blood supply to the affected area. True or false
False A stroke is when brain tissue is either permanently destroyed or temporarily ceases to function due to decreased or absent blood supply to the affected area
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A stoke can produce damage to only one area of the brain. True or false
False. A stroke can produce damage to any area of the brain or brain stem
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Stroke is often referred to as a cerebrovascular accident or CVA. True or false
True
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During a stroke, brain tissue can either be ____ or _____
Permanently destroyed or temporarily ceases to function
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When brain tissue is permanently destroyed, the body:
1. Reabsorbs the dead cells
2. An empty space is left on the cortex or within the brain where the tissue once was
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Damage to brain tissue is from the loss of ____ resulting from a lack of blood supply
Loss of oxygen supply
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Partial loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue
HYPOXIA
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Complete lack of oxygen supply to the brain tissue
ANOXIA
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Typically the brain can go ____ without oxygen before _____ begins to cause permanent cell death within the brain
6-8 minutes; anoxia
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Hypoxia is ____ loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue
Partial loss of oxygen to the brain tissue
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Anoxia is the ____ loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue
Complete loss of oxygen supply to the brain tissue
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The two main forms of stroke
Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke
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Blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain is known as
Ischemic stroke
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Artery ruptures, causing bleeding around the brain is know as
Hemorrhagic stroke
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The term ischemia means ___ or ___ in a blood vessel
Term ischemia means blockage or restriction in a blood vessel
90
___ occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood flow to the brain becomes occluded.
Ischemic stroke
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Ischemic stoke ____ brain tissue of the blood supply necessary for ____ of the tissue
Deprives brain tissue of the blood supply necessary for survival of the tissue
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The three forms of ischemic stroke are:
1. Thrombotic stroke
2. Embolic stroke
3. Transient ischemic attack
93
___ is occlusion that forms slowly in an artery
Thrombus
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Thrombotic stroke occurs when a ____ blood flow to the brain
Thrombotic stroke occurs when a thrombus interrupts blood flow to the brain
95
Thrombotic stroke is usually the result of ____
Atherosclerosis
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A condition in which a person has a buildup of fatty materials such as cholesterol in the blood; it accumulates over time on the walls of the arteries, narrowing them and eventually restricting blood flow
Atherosclerosis
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Thrombus is an ___ that forms slowly in an ____
Occlusion that forms slowly in an artery
98
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which a person has a buildup of ___ materials such as cholesterol in the blood.
Fatty
99
In atherosclerosis, fatty materials buildup in the blood. It accumulates over time on the ____ of the arteries, _____ them and eventually ____ blood flow
It accumulates over time on the wall of the arteries, narrowing them and eventually restricting blood flow
100
___ is a mass, such as a blood clot that originates in the body and travels through the vascular system
Embolus
101
Embolic stroke occurs when an embolus, formed ______, travels to the _____ and lodges in a blood vessel, restricting or cutting off blood circulation within the brain
Formed elsewhere in the body, travels to the brain
102
A piece of thrombus can become an embolus. True or false
True
103
When a piece of thrombus becomes an embolus, it is known as —
Thromboembolus
104
Thromboembolus occurs when a _____ breaks off an atrial wall and ____ in the brain to _____ an occlusion within the blood vessel
A piece of thrombus breaks off an arterial wall and travels elsewhere in the brain to lodge and create an occlusion within the blood vessel
105
A mini stoke or in the medical community known as a TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
106
A small ischemia within the brain that resolves within ____
24 hours
107
Person can present with mild motor or cognitive deficits that goes away when blood clot causing the ischemia is broken down and resolves the occlusion. True or false
True
108
Usually TIA ___(does or doesn’t) cause permanent deficits or life-threatening health issues
Does not
109
Usually TIA are usually warning signs of a larger, more ____ to come
Destructive stroke
110
Location of the focal damage within the brain following ischemia; dead tissue; dies within 1 hour of ischemia
Ischemia core
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Death of cells within the core is irreversible
Tissue necrosis
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Tissue that still receives enough collateral blood supply to stay alive; can often be salvaged with prompt medical care
Ischemic prenumbra
113
Saving the prenumbra improves the ____ and ____ prognosis of the patient
Short term & long term
114
Damage within the prenumbra can typically be ___ within ______ of onset of ischemia
Reversed; 2-4 hours
115
When a blood vessel within the brain ruptures
Hemorrhagic stroke
116
____ percent of strokes are hemorrhagic
13%
117
Most significant factor associated with hemorrhagic stroke is ___ also known as ____
High blood pressure; hypertension
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Hemorrhagic stokes usually occur with individuals with high blood pressure during periods of ____
High physical activity
119
Hemorrhagic stroke typically requires _____ to repair the broken blood vessel and stop the bleeding
Immediate surgery
120
Hemorrhagic stoke have a ____ chance of survival than those with ischemic stroke
Less chance of survival
121
Individuals who survive hemorrhagic stroke have fewer enduring deficits than those who experimented ischemic strokes. True or false
True
122
The 2 primary kinds of hemorrhagic stroke are
1. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
2. Intracerebral hemorrhage
123
Bleed that occurs between the arachnoid matter and the pia matter, which overlay and protect the cerebrum
Subarachnoid
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When a blood vessel bursts within the brain itself and the blood pours out into the brain tissue where it does not belong, which damages tissue and increases intracranial pressure, which makes it increasingly difficult for the heart to pump blood to the brain and can quickly lead to death if not treated.
Intracerebral stroke
125
During Intracerebral stoke, the brain tissue is damaged, which causes ______, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood to the brain
Intracranial pressure to increase
126
Some symptoms of Intracerebral stoke include
- sudden and very severe headache and vomiting
- clap of thunder headaches
- more sudden and definite
127
An abnormal stretching and ballooning of the wall of a blood vessel
Aneurysm
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An aneurysm results from ___ or ____ that weaken the wall of the artery
Disease or hereditary factors
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Aneurysm is the abnormal ____ and ____ of the wall of a blood vessel
Stretching and ballooning
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____ and ____ can also contribute to placing above normal pressure on artery walls
Hypertension and atherosclerosis
131
Some symptoms of cerebral aneurysm include:
1. Severe headache
2. Nausea
3. Vomiting
4. Blurred vision or sensitivity to light
5. Seizures
6. Loss of consciousness
132
There may or may not be any symptoms until aneurysm ruptures. True or false
True
133
Once an aneurysm ruptures, it becomes a ___ stoke
Hemorrhagic
134
Aneurysms of the brain often occur within the ____
Circle of Willis
135
Aneurysms of the brain tend to be deadly. True or false
True
136
Most patients who survive an aneurysm, will have some form of _____
Permanent disability
137
___ is when serious life-threatening damage to the brain occurs as the result of an external or forceful event
TBI- Traumatic Brain Injury
138
Some usual causes of Traumatic Brain Injury are:
Falls
Motor vehicle traffic accidents
Being struck by an object
Violent assaults
139
Impact from TBI can be from a mild concussion to coma or vegetative state or death. True or false
True
140
_____ individuals experience a TBI each year in the U.S.A
1.4 million
141
Deficits of TBI in language and cognition are:
Many, complex and varied depending on which areas a of the PNS and CNS were damaged and to what extent
142
SLPs treat individuals with TBI by focusing on
speech, language, cognition and swallowing disorders
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SLPs work with TBI individuals right after their ____ to when they _____ (e.g., home, work, school)
Work with individuals right after their admittance to the hospital to when they begin returning to their previous life (e.g., home, work, school)
144
In TBI, for children, rehabilitation hopefully culminates at release from hospital. True or false
True
145
TBI is very common in children ages _____ and under
4 years
146
depressants, meaning they work by depressing or lowering the function of the CNS.
Opioids
147
OxyContin is considered ____
An opioid
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Opioids are ____, they work by depressing or lowering the function of the ____
Depressants; CNS
149
Name three types of opioids
OxyContin
Heroin
Synthetic opioids
150
What are synthetic opioids
Mixed with heroin to increase potency:
1. Fentanyl
2. Carfenttanyl
151
fentanyl is ___ more potent than heroin
50-100 times
152
Carfenttanyl is ___ times more potent than heroin and ___ times more potent than fentanyl
10,000 times heroin and 100 times more potent than fentanyl
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Overdosed and lost consciousness -> continued ___ of the CNS -> decreases ___ > respiratory center of the CNS in the brain stem is ____ > the body ____or itself
Overdosed and lost consciousness -> continued depressing of the CNS -> decreases automatic function > respiratory center of the CNS in the brain stem is inhibited > the body stops breathing for itself
154
Overall, overdoes and lost consciousness can lead to
The body to stop breathing for itself
155
_____ overdose can take hours to shut down the respiratory system
Heroin overdose can take hours to shut down the respiratory system
156
Fentanyl can be instantaneous with users collapsing with the needle still in their arm. True or false
True
157
Time spent not breathing deprives the brain of oxygen, which brain tissue needs to survive. True or false
True
158
Brain injury can result from ___ brain injury or ____ brain injury.
Brain injury can result from hypoxic brain injury or anoxic brain injury.
159
Deprive the entire brain!
Nonlocalized
160
In addition to hypoxic or anoxic brain injury, if an individual survives an overdose, he/she might also have ____
In addition to hypoxic or anoxic brain injury, if an individual survives an overdose, he/she might also have Toxic Brain Injury.
161
Damage to the brain from high levels of poisonous substances in the body
Toxic Brain Injury
162
Common causes of Toxic Brain Injury included
overdose & carbon monoxide poisoning
163
Deficits from hypoxic/anoxic and toxic brain injury include
Visuomotor (fine motor) skills
Visual attention
Executive Function
Working memory
Impulsivity
Decision making
164
Dassanayake and colleagues (2012) found patients who clinically recovered from drug overdose displayed ___ on all cognitive domains tested.
Cognitive impairments
165
Abnormal growth of cells in the brain
Brain tumor
166
tumor that originates in the brain and that has not spread from elsewhere
Primary tumor
167
is a cancerous tumor that has spread from another part of the body to the brain, will need biopsy, surgery and/or radiation
Secondary or metastic tumor
168
Malignant brain tumor is
Brain cancer
169
cannot spread to other parts of the body is known as
enign brain tumor- cannot spread to other parts of the body
170
when a tumor displaces or crushes areas of the brain, possibly causing symptoms
Mass effect
171
Deficits produced by a tumor depend on the area of the brain the tumor affects and to what degree. True or false
True
172
Symptoms of a tumor occur and worsen gradually over longer periods of time as the tumor grows. True or false
True
173
collateral damage to the delicate tissues of the brain that occurs during the process of achieving the objective of the surgery.
Surgical trauma
174
Surgical trauma is often performed to remove a ___ or repair a ____
Often performed to remove a tumor or repair a hemorrhagic stroke.
175
After surgical trauma, an SLP will focus on -
Speech, language, cognition, speech or swallowing
176
Manage secondary risks of brain damage:
1. Seizures
2. Additional cerebrovascular accidents
3. Acquired infections
4. Increased intracranial pressure
177
Infections can damage the __ and ____, or both
Infections can damage the CNS and PNS, or both
178
Infections include the following:
Viral, fungal, bacterial, parasitic
Encephalitis
HIV/Aids
Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease
Syphilis
Poliomyelitis
179
An acute infection or inflammation of the brain or spinal cord caused by viral or bacterial infection to the brain.
Encephalitis
180
Symptoms of encephalitis include
headaches, fevers, confusion, and seizures, which often reflect the type and location of the infection.
181
fast moving characterized by T cells of the immune system attacking and causing inflammation in either the right or left hemisphere.
Rasmussen’s encephalitis
182
Presenting symptom of Rasmussen’s encephalitis is ____ that creates unilateral tremor in an extremity contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere.
Presenting symptom is seizure activity that creates unilateral tremor in an extremity contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere.
183
Rasmussen’s encephalitis is the fast moving characterized by ____ of the immune system attacking and causing ___ in either the right or left hemisphere
fast moving characterized by T cells of the immune system attacking and causing inflammation in either the right or left hemisphere.
184
HIV is the virus that leads to ___
HIV is the virus that leads to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
185
Most common neurocognitive changes seen in AIDS are as follows:
1. Inability to learn new information
2. loss of gross and fine motor abilities
3. gait disturbances, reduced attention abilities
4. slowness in processing information
5. disfluent speech, and impaired recall
186
Degenerative and fatal brain disease, which has genetic and infectious etiologies
Creutzfeldt- Jacob Disease
187
small infectious protein with its own genetic coding
Prion
188
involuntary rapid twitching of a muscle or group of muscles
Myoclonus
189
Most cases are produced by a type of infectious pathogen known as a prion
Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease
190
Creutzfeldt- Jakob Disease
Attacks the central nervous system
Has no cure
Usually fatal within a year of onset of symptoms
191
Sexually transmitted disease that is highly treatable with the antibiotic penicillin and is curable.
Syphilis
192
a variation of the syphilis that infects the nervous system.
Neurosyphalis
193
a virus that attacks the PNS and causes paralysis and absent reflexes AKA Polio
Poliomyelitis
194
Commonly known as polio is caused by a virus and is highly preventable with a vaccine.
Poliomyelitis
195
Polio is now rare in the US and Uk, however still an active threat in many developing countries. True or false
True
196
Poliomyelitis is categorized by the sections of the ___ that it affects.
PNS
197
Nonsymmetrical paralysis with diminished or absent reflexes
Poliomyelitis
198
A sudden often periodic abnormal level of electrical discharge occurring within the brain
Seizures
199
remain confined to a particular region of the brain.
Partial seizure- remain confined to a particular region of the brain.
200
affect the entire brain and are associated with a total loss of consciousness or awareness
Generalized seizure- affect the entire brain and are associated with a total loss of consciousness or awareness
201
Certain infectious diseases and congenital disorders such as epilepsy produce seizures. True or false
True
