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A&P 241 > CHAPTERS 1,3,4,6 > Flashcards

CHAPTERS 1,3,4,6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship of structure and function?

A

Structure mirrors function. bones of the skull are heavy and secure to protect brain function. the air sacs of the lungs permit diffusion of gases from the lungs.

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

The two subdivisions of anatomy are surface anatomy which is the study of form and markings of the surface of the body.
Gross anatomy is formed of systematic approach which is the study of all blood vessels, or all of the muscles or all the bones.
-Regional approach is all anatomical structures of a specific region. thorax or the head and neck.

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3
Q

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A 
Chemical
   -Atomic
   -Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
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4
Q

List and explain the 6 essential life processes.

A
  • Metabolism, is the sum of all the catabolic and anabolic chemical processes that occur in the body
  • Responsiveness, is the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
  • Movement, is any motion, including movement of tiny sub cellular structures.
  • Growth, involves increase in body size due to an increase in cells, number of cells or both
  • Differentiation, is the development of a cell from an unspecialized state.
  • Reproduction, is the formation of new cells or the production of a new individual.
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5
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Homeostasis is the balance in the body’s internal environment.It is a dynamic condition meant to keep the body functions in the narrow range compatible with maintaining life.

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6
Q

Name 6 important body fluids.

A
  1. Intracellular fluid, is the fluid in the cells
  2. Extracellular fluid, fluid outside the cells.
  3. Blood plasma, is the (ECF) within blood vessels.
  4. Lymph, is the (ECF) within lymphatic vessels.
  5. Synovia fluid, is the (ECF) in joints
  6. Aqueous humor, is the (ECF) in the eyes.
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7
Q

What are the positive and negative feedback loops & their connection to the maintenance of homeostasis?

A

uhiu

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8
Q

What are the 11 organ systems

A
  1. Integumentary system, consists of skin related structures (hair, nails and glands). It protects the regulates temperature and eliminates wastes.
  2. Skeletal System, consists of bones and joints. Provides protection and support, houses cells that will become red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
  3. Muscular System, consists of the named skeletal muscles as well as smooth and cardiac muscle, helps with movement and generates heat.
  4. Cardiovascular, consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels. It carries blood and nutrients to specific locations.
  5. Lymphatic System, consists of the lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes and lymphocytes, it transports fats and proteins to the cardiovascular system and filters blood and protects against disease.
  6. Urinary system, consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Its the collection and excretion of waste in the urine.
  7. Reproductive system, consists of ovaries, uterus, vagina and testes and penis in me.
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9
Q

What direction is superior?

A

Above, top, toward head

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10
Q

What direction is Inferior?

A

Below, bottom, away from head

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11
Q

What direction is Anterior (ventral)?

A

Toward the front

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12
Q

What direction is Posterior (Dorsal)?

A

Toward the back

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13
Q

Where is medial located?

A

Toward the Midline

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14
Q

Where is is Intermediate located?

A

Between medial and lateral.

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15
Q

Where is Lateral located?

A

to the left or right of the medial.

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16
Q

What direction is proximal?

A

Nearest to the origination .

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17
Q

What direction is distal?

A

Farther from the origination.

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18
Q

What side is ipsilateral?

A

Same side of the body (left hand left foot)

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19
Q

What side is contralateral?

A

Opposite side of the body (left hand, right foot)

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20
Q

What is superficial?

A

towards the surface of the skin

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21
Q

What is the meaning of deep as far as direction?

A

towards the core of the body.

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22
Q

Visceral

A

pertains to a covering over an organ

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23
Q

Parietal

A

pertains to a covering against a cavity wall.

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24
Q

What is the cranial

A

Skull

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25
Q

What is the cervical

A

Neck

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26
Q

What is the cubital

A

Elbow tunnel

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27
Q

What is the carpal

A

Wrist

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28
Q

What is the patellar

A

Front of the knee

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29
Q

What is the orbital

A

Eye

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30
Q

What is the thoracic

A

chest

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31
Q

What is the inguinal

A

groin

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32
Q

What is the metacarpal

A

hand/palm

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33
Q

What is the plantar

A

sole of foot

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34
Q

What is the buccal

A

cheek

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35
Q

What is the axillary

A

armpit

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36
Q

What is the femoral

A

thigh

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37
Q

What is the gluteal

A

buttock

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38
Q

What is the tarsal

A

ankle

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39
Q

What is the digital

A

toes

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40
Q

What is the phalangeal

A

fingers

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41
Q

What view is Sagittal?

A

(midline) divides the body into left and right sides Frontal (coronal)

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42
Q

What body plane is Transverse

A

Horizontal also called cross-sectional divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

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43
Q

What body plane is Frontal

A

Frontal or Coronal planes divide the body (or and organ) into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions,

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44
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains the brain.

45
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal nerves.

46
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum.

47
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura.

48
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.

49
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea and several large blood vessels .

50
Q

pelvic Cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.

51
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.

52
Q

What is located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

A

liver

53
Q

What is located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

A

spleen and left kidney

54
Q

What is located in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

A

appendix

55
Q

what is located in the left lower quadrants (LLQ)of the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

A

left ovary in women

56
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. physical isolation
  2. regulates exchange with the environment
    - Ions and nutrients enter
    - waste and cellular products released
  3. monitors the environment
    • extracellular fluid comp.
    • chemical signals
  4. structural support
    • anchors cells & tissues
57
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The fluid mosaic model is the arrangement of molecules within the membrane.

- the lipids keep things out    - the proteins act as a gate keeper allowing passage of specific molecules and ions.
58
Q

Plasma membrane

What are phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids form a lipid bilayer

59
Q

Plasma membrane

What are integral proteins?

A

are cholesterol and glycolipids.

  • Transmembrane proteins, span the entire lipid bilayer.
  • Peripheral proteins, attach to the inner or outer surface but do not go all the way through.
60
Q

Plasma membrane

What are glycoproteins?

A

Glycoproteins are membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid.

61
Q

Plasma membrane

What is the glycocalyx ?

A

Glycocalyx is the entire sugar coating surrounding the membrane . Made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and and glycoproteins.

62
Q

What is the Passive processes?

A

The passive processes involve substance moving across the cell membranes without the input of any energy.

63
Q

What are the Active processes?

A

Active processes involve the use of energy, primarily from the breakdown of ATP.

64
Q

what is a tight junction held together by

A

tight junctions are held together by transmembrane proteins. they are found in the stomach and bladder

65
Q

adherens junctions

A

are held together by cadherins and plaque they are found in the heart and walls on the intestine

66
Q

desmosomes

A

are held together by plaque, cadherin and intermediate filament. they are found in the surface of the epidermis

67
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

is half of a desmosomes

68
Q

gap junctions

A

are held together by connexons and found in the heart and nerve cells

69
Q

what are the 4 basic tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissues
  2. connective tissues
  3. muscular tissues
  4. nervous tissue
70
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers the bodies surface and forms glands, they also line hollow organs, body cavities and ducts

71
Q

connective tissues

A

protect, support and bind organs.
fat is a C.T
red and white blood cells are C.T.
platelets are also C.T.

72
Q

Muscular tissue

A

generates physical force needed to make body structures move. it also generates heat used by the body

73
Q

nervous tissue

A

detects change in the body and responds by generating nerve impulses

74
Q

mesoderm

A

gives rise to connective tissues and muscle tissue.

75
Q

where does epithelial tissue come from

A

come from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

76
Q

how is epithelium tissueS named

A

the are named according to shape of their cells and the thickness or arranment of their layers of cells

77
Q

Tissues

what is the meaning of simple

A

one layer

78
Q

Tissues

what is the meaning of pseudostratiffied

A

looks like layers but is really only one tall layer

79
Q

Tissues

what is the meaning of stratified

A

two or more layers

80
Q

Tissues

what is the meaning of squamous

A

flat , wide, looks like paving stones

81
Q

Tissues

what is the meaning of cuboidal

A

Cube shaped

82
Q

Tissues

what is the meaning of columnar

A

column shaped cells

83
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

is a single layer of flat cells found in the heart and lymphatic vessels

84
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

is a single layer of cube shaped cells. its found lining the tubules of the kidneys and many other glands

85
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

forms a single layer of column like cells. it may or may not have cilia, microvilli, mocous (goblet cells) on it.

86
Q

Pseudostratiffied ciliated columnar epithelium

A

appears to have layers but in reality only has one. can tell its pseudostratiffied by the erratic nuclei.

87
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

has an apical surface that is made up of only squamous cells

88
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

has an apical surface made up of two or more layers of cube shaped cells. Its found in the urethra.

89
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Changes shape depending on the need for stretch in the tissue. Found in the bladder….

90
Q

What are the differences between endothelium and mesothelium

A

ENDOTHELIUM is a layer of simple squamous cells lining the surface of the heart
MESOTHELIUM is a layer of flat cells derived from the mesoderm.

91
Q

what are the major functions of connective tissue

A
  1. binds tissue together
  2. supports and strengthens tissue
  3. protects and insulates internal organs
  4. compartmentalizes and transports
  5. energy reserves and immune responses
92
Q

how much collagen makes up the protein content

A

25%

93
Q

what tissues are embryonic connective tissues

A
  • mesenchyme, gives rise to all connective tissues

- mucous connective tissues, found in the umbilical cord.

94
Q

what tissues are mature connective tissues

A
  • Loss connective tissue, found in areolar, adipose and reticular.
  • Dense connective tissue, found in dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
  • Cartilage, hylane, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
  • Bone
  • Liquid
95
Q

What sets nerve and muscle tissue apart?

A

nerve tissue has the ability to produce electrical signals. called action potentials.

96
Q

What constitutes an epithelium membrane?

A

Consists of two tissues to create an organ.

 - mucous membrane, found in the mouth, nose, eyes
 - serous membrane found in the heart
 - Cutaneous membrane found in the skin
97
Q

What is a synovial membrane?

A

Synovial membranes are only made up of connective tissues and epithelium tissues are not involved.

98
Q

What are the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A
  • ENDOCRINE GLANDS, secrete hormons

- EXOCRINE GLANDS, secrete there contents to a lumen or ducts to the body surface.

99
Q

What are the 6 major functions of bones

A
  1. Provide support
  2. protect internal organs
  3. assist body movements “with muscle”
  4. participate in blood cell production
  5. stores and releases salts of calcium and phosphorus
  6. stores triglycerides in the adipose cells called yellow marrow
100
Q

compact bone

A

good at providing protection and support. It forms external layer of all bones

101
Q

What is Spongy bone and what does it do

A

is lightweight and provides tissue support. “looks very organized” forms the internal layers of bones.

102
Q

What is Periosteum and where is it

A

tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone.

103
Q

What is Medullary cavity

A

is a space within the bone and it contains yellow bone marrow

104
Q

what is endosteum

A

is a membrane that lines the medullary cavity

105
Q

What is perichondrium

A

Perichondrium is dense irregular connective tissue membrane that surrounds the cartilage

106
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts are bone building cells

107
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts used for maintenance.

108
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Osteoclasts are large breakdown cells

A&P 241 (1 decks)

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