Chapters 1-3 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Chemistry
A
Is the study of matter and energy and the process of conversion into each other
2
Q
Matter is
A
Anything that has mass and occupied space and composed of elements
3
Q
Elements are
A
Can’t be broken down to a simpler form, periodic table of elements lists all known elements
4
Q
Atoms
A
-smallest functional unit of element
5
Q
What do atoms contain?
A
Nucleus protons neutrons and electrons
6
Q
1st shell
A
2 electrons
7
Q
2nd shell
A
8 electrons
8
Q
3rd shell
A
18 electrons
9
Q
What is an isotope ?
A
Same atomic number, with a different atomic mass
10
Q
What are unstable isotopes called
A
Radioisotopes
11
Q
What do radioisotopes give off?
A
Energy and particles
12
Q
What are radioisotopes good for?
A
Medicinal stuff; carbon 14
13
Q
Definition of energy
A
Capacity to do work
14
Q
Definition of potential energy
A
Stored energy
15
Q
Definition of kinetic Energy
A
Energy in motion
16
Q
Electrons have what kind of energy
A
Potential
17
Q
Each shell of an electron corresponds to what type of energy
A
Potential
18
Q
Shells that are farther away from the nuclear contain electrons with more what
A
Potential energy
19
Q
Winner Adams most stable
A
When they are outer most level is full
20
Q
What is a molecule
A
Two or more atoms chemically bonded together
21
Q
What is a compound
A
Two or more different Adams chemically bonded together
22
Q
What is a chemical bond
A
Attractive force holding Adams together
23
Q
What are the three kinds of chemical bonds
A
Covalent ionic and hydrogen
24
Q
What is it covalent bond
A
When Adams share electrons they are very strong bonds
25
What are nonpolar covalent bonds
When electrons are shared equally
26
Examples of non polar covalent bonds
H2, 02, CH4.
27
What is a polar valent bond
When electrons are not shared equally
28
What is an ion
And electrically charged atom or molecule
29
What is the positively charged ion
forms of an Adam or molecule loses electrons
30
What are negatively charged ions
Forms of an Adam or molecule they gain electrons
31
What is an ionic bond
Attractive force between oppositely charged ions
32
What is an example of an ionic bond
NA CL
33
What is a hydrogen bond
Week attraction between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules
34
What are polysaccharides
Thousands of mono saccharides joined in chains and branches
35
Starch is what
Maiden plants and stored as energy
36
When we make what? It gets converted into glucose which sends a signal to the what?
Starches and pancreas
37
What are lipids
Fats and oils that are insoluble in water
38
Three important classes of lipids are?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
39
What are triglycerides
Energy storage molecules That are Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. There are two types of fat, saturated and unsaturated. And then there is adipose tissue which is fat tissue.
40
What are phospholipids
They are the cell membrane structure. Composed of glycerol into fatty acids and a phosphate group. One end of the molecule is water Soluble (hydrophilic) and the other end of the molecule is water insoluble.
41
What are steroids
They are carbon-based ring structures And are composed of four carbon rings.
42
What are waxes
Bactericidal substances
43
What are proteins
Long chains (polymers) of subunits called amino acids
44
What are amino acids
Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds which are produced by dehydration synthesis Reactions
45
Protein functions depend on structure, what is the primary structure
Amino acid sequence which is stabilized by peptide bonds
46
Secondary structure of protien
Alpha helix, beta-pleated sheets, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds
47
Tertiary structure of protien
3-D shape which is stabilized by disulfide and hydrogen bonds
48
Quantenary Structure of protien
Two or more polypeptide chains are associated
49
What is denaturation
Permanent disruption of protein structure which can be damaged by temperature or changes in pit or certain salt concentrations. Leads to the loss of biological function
50
What are enzymes
Facilitate biochemical reactions
51
Are enzymes proteins
True
52
Do enzymes function is biological catalysts
True
53
Enzymes speed up? Without themselves being?
Chemical reactions and altered
54
Without?, Many biochemical reactions would not proceed quickly enough to sustain life
Enzymes
55
What are the two types of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
56
What is DNA
Deoxyribose acid
57
What is RNA
Ribero nucleic acid
58
What are the functions of RNA and DNA
A store genetic information and provide information used in making proteins also nucleic acids are long chains containing subunits known as nucleotides
59
What is a nucleotide
The building blocks of nucleic acids
60
What does each nucleotide contain
Five Carbon sugars RNA and DNA nitrogenous bases and Posphate bases
61
Nucleotides containing
Deoxyribose nitrogenous bases adenine guanine cytosine and timing
62
What is the paring of adenine
Thymine
63
What is the pairing of cytosine
Guanine
64
What is the structure of RNA
Single-stranded nucleotides which contain ribose nitrogenous bases adenine guanine cytosine and uracil
65
What are the nucleic functions of DNA
Instructions for making RNA
66
What is the nucleic function of RNA
Instructions for making proteins
67
What is nucleic function for proteins
To direct most of our lives processes
68
What is the structure of ATP
Bonds bt phosphate groups contains potential energy
69
Nucleotide needs what?
ATP
70
What is the universal energy source?
ATP
71
What is the cell doctrine?
All living things are composed of cells, a single layer cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life, all cells come from pre-existing cells
72
What are the 2 basic types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
73
Which cell type contains no nucleus?
Prokaryotic
74
Eukaryotic cells are all cells for what species?
Humans!
75
Name some differences in eukaryotic that prokaryotic cells do not have.
Muscle cells, numerous organelles, nerve cells, long thin to carry impulses over distances
76
Small cells have a higher what?
Surface to volume ratio
77
What does the plasma membrane surround?
The cell
78
What does the plasma membrane seperate a cell from?
It's environment
79
Is the plasma membrane completely permeable?
No, it's selective
80
Plasma membrane is considered what?
Lipid bilayer
81
A phospholipid has a polar tail and a non polar head. True or false?
False
82
Cholesterol makes the membrane smooth
False
83
Proteins provide what for the membrane?
Support
84
Carbs act as what in a plasma membrane
Recognition patterns for cells and organisms
85
Humans are a
Fluid mosaic
86
Passive transport enables the cell to not need to expend energy for what 2 functions
Diffusion and osmosis
87
Active transport requires the cells
To expand energy
88
What does bulk transport involve
Membranes vesicles to move larger substances
89
Endocytosis
Inside the cell
90
Exocytosis
Outside the cell
91
Passive transport is powers by
The concentration gradients
92
What does passive acts as what In te cell?
Diffusion through lipid bilayer and diffusion trough protein channels
93
Transport or carrier proteins in membrane assist in what?
Moving molecules across the membrane, down te concentration gradient and without expending energy
94
Active transport moves substances from
An area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
95
What is tonicity
Relative concentration of solutes In 2 fluids
96
Isotonic
Same
97
Hypertonic
Higher inside the cell
98
Hypotonic
Cell swells and bursts
99
What are the functions of a nucleus
Contains the genetic info of the cell
100
Structural features of the nucleus
Double layered nucleus membrane, nucleus pores
Chromosomes and chromatins
Nucleolus
101
Ribosomes are the site of what
Protein synthesis
102
How many types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?
2
103
What are the 2 types of reticulum named
Rough and smooth
104
Which reticulum has ribosomes on surface?
Rough
105
Which reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis
Smooth
106
Which ER is involved in protein synthesis ?
Rough
107
What does the Golgi apparatus refine?
Synthesized products
108
Where is the site for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
109
Do ribosomes sit still
No they are free floating in the cytoplasm
110
Where are products packaged in te Golgi apparatus?
Vesicles
111
What are the vesicles ?
Storage and shipping
112
What are the 2 types of vesicles ?
Secretory and endocytic
113
What are the mitochondria?
Power plant of the cell
114
What is the mitochondria surrounded by?
Double membrane
115
What does the mitochondria produce?
ATP
116
Fat consists of what
Triglycerides and is long term storage of energy
117
Carbohydrate storage and short term energy storage in animals is known as what?
Glycogen
118
Cytoskeleton contains 3 what?
Micro tubules, intermediate filaments, micro filaments
119
Short, many, and found on cell living airways point to what?
Cilia
120
Long, single, and enable spermatozoa to swim point to why?
Flagella
121
What do cells use and transform matter and energy for?
Metabolism
122
What is the metabolism ?
Sum total of all the chemical reactions in a cell or organism
123
Requires energy and used in making and assembling molecules
Anabolism
124
Requires enzymes, breakdown of molecules, may release energy, used in breaking down nutrients and recycling cell components
Catabolism
125
What is step 1 in cellular respiration
Occurs in cytoplasm(glycolysis) no oxygen is involved, requires 2 atp out come is 4
126
Step 2 in CR
Inside the mitochondria, Krebs cycle, produces 2 ATP, extracts 2 high energy electrons
127
Step 3 in CR
Requires oxygen in mitochondria, electron transport system 32 ATP or. 36
128
What are some additional energy sources
Glycogen fats protiens
