Chapters 1-3

Question 1

The study of learners, learning, and teaching

Answer 1

Educational Psychology

Question 2

Define an effective teacher.

Answer 2

A teacher that not only knows their subjects but also can communicate their knowledge to students.

Question 3

The link between what a teacher wants students to learn and students’ actual learning.

Answer 3

pedagogy or instruction

Question 4

doing things for a reason, on purpose.

Answer 4

intentionality

Question 5

teachers that constantly think about the outcomes they want for their students and about how each decision they make moves children toward those outcomes

Answer 5

intentional teachers

Question 6

a teacher’s impact on students is the belief that what he or she does makes a difference; the heart of what it means to be an intentional teacher

Answer 6

teacher efficacy

Question 7

a logical and systematic approach to the many dilemmas that are found in practice and research

Answer 7

critical-thinking skills

Question 8

The standards that emphasize problem solving, technology, active discussion, writing, speaking, college and career readiness, classic texts, real-world math problem solving

Answer 8

Common Core Standards

Question 9

the relationship between factors

Answer 9

principle

Question 10

principles that have been thoroughly tested and found to apply in a wide variety of situations

Answer 10

Laws

Question 11

set of related principles and laws that explains a broad aspect of learning, behavior, or another area of interest

Answer 11

theory

Question 12

Research + Common Sense =

Answer 12

Effective Teaching

Question 13

The steps to put effective teaching into practice:

Answer 13

1. Be a consumer of relevant research
2. Teach intentionally
3. Share your experience

Question 14

Researchers can create special treatments and analyze their effects

Answer 14

experiment

Question 15

confidently attribute any differences they find to the treatment themselves

Answer 15

internal validity

Question 16

creating special programs to study schools, teachers, or students

Answer 16

treatments

Question 17

anything that can have more than one value, such as age, sex achievement level, or attitude

Answer 17

variables

Question 18

to carefully examine obvious as well as less obvious questions

Answer 18

the goal of research in educational psychology

Question 19

ensured that the two groups were a essentially equivalent before the experiment began

Answer 19

random assignment

Question 20

researchers create a highly artificial and controlled setting for a very brief period of time

Answer 20

laboratory experiments

Question 21

instructional programs are evaluated over relatively long periods in real classes and conditions

Answer 21

randomized field experiment

Question 22

a single student’s behavior may be observed for several days

Answer 22

single-case experiment

Question 23

most frequently used research method in educational psychology; the researcher studies variables as they are to see whether they are related

Answer 23

correlational study

Question 24

when one variable is high the other tends also to be high

Answer 24

positive correlation

Question 25

when one variable is high the other tends to be low

Answer 25

negatively correlated

Question 26

no correspondence between variables

Answer 26

uncorrelated variables

Question 27

survey or interview

Answer 27

descriptive research

Question 28

observation of a social setting over an extended period of time

Answer 28

ethnography

Question 29

form of descriptive research that is carried out by educators in their own classrooms or schools.

Answer 29

action research

Question 30

steps to carry out an action research project

Answer 30

1. start with a good question (one you care abound addresses an important problem) 2. find out what's already known on the topic 3. plan how you'll collect data 4. carry out your study 5. interpret your findings

Question 31

What must you become before becoming an intentional teacher?

Answer 31

certified teacher

Question 32

refers to how people grow, adapt, and change over the course of their lifetime

Answer 32

development

Question 33

understanding how students think and how they view the world

Answer 33

effective teaching strategies

Question 34

assume that development occurs in a smooth progression as skills developed and experiences are provided by caregivers and the environment

Answer 34

continuous theories of development

Question 35

What does continuous theories emphasize?

Answer 35

the importance of environment rather than heredity in determining development

Question 36

focuses on inborn factors rather than environmental influences to explain change over time

Answer 36

discontinuous theories of development

Question 37

most influential developmental psychologist in the history of psychology

Answer 37

Piaget

Question 38

proposes that a child's intellect, or cognitive ability, progresses through four distinct stages

Answer 38

cognitive development

Question 39

patterns of behavior or thinking

Answer 39

schemes

Question 40

process of adjusting schemes in response to the environment by means of assimilation and accommodation

Answer 40

adaption

Question 41

process of understanding a new object or event in terms of an existing scheme

Answer 41

assimilation

Question 42

modifying an existing schema in light of new information or a new experience

Answer 42

accommodation

Question 43

restoring balance

Answer 43

equilibration

Question 44

a view of cognitive development as a process in which children actively build systems of meaning and understandings of reality through their experiences and interactions

Answer 44

constructivism

Question 45

the earliest stage where babies and young children explore the world by using their senses and motor skills

Answer 45

sensorimotor

Question 46

inborn behaviors

Answer 46

reflexes

Question 47

children must learn that objects are physically stable and exist even when the objects are not in the child's physical presence

Answer 47

object permanence

Question 48

children have great ability to think about things and can use symbols to mentally represent objects (ages 2-7)

Answer 48

preoperational stage

Question 49

paying attention to only one aspect of a situation

Answer 49

centration

Question 50

the ability to change direction in one's thinking to return to a starting point

Answer 50

reversibility

Question 51

believing that everyone sees the world exactly as they do

Answer 51

egocentric

Question 52

reflects this earthbound approach that children can form concepts, see relationships, and solve problems, but only as they involve objects and situations that are familiar

Answer 52

concrete operational stage

Question 53

seeing things in the context of other meanings

Answer 53

inferred reality

Question 54

arranging things in a logical progression

Answer 54

seriation

Question 55

the ability to infer a relationship between two objects on the basis of knowledge of their respective relationships with a third object

Answer 55

transitivity

Question 56

the ability to deal with potential or hypothetical situations; the form is separate from the content

Answer 56

formal operational stage

Question 57

an education that are suitable for students in terms of their physical and cognitive abilities and their social and emotional needs

Answer 57

developmentally appropriate education

Question 58

1. a focus on the process of children's thinking, not only its products 2. recognition of the crucial role of children's self-initiated, active involvement in learning activities 3. a deemphasis on practices aimed at making children adult like in their thinking 4. acceptance of individual differences in developmental progress

Answer 58

the main teaching implications drawn from Piaget

Question 59

Russian psychologist whose theory is now a powerful force in developmental psychology; suggests that learning precedes development

Answer 59

Vygotsky

Question 60

the symbols that cultures create to help people think, communicate, and solve problems

Answer 60

sign system

Question 61

able to think and solve problems without the help of others

Answer 61

self-regulation

Question 62

talk to self when faced with difficult tasks

Answer 62

private speech

Question 63

tasks that a child has not yet operand but is capable of learning at a given times

Answer 63

zone of proximal development

Question 64

older children and adults help learners by explaining, modeling, or breaking down complex skills, knowledge, or concepts

Answer 64

mediation

Question 65

providing a child with a great deal of support during the early stages of learning and then diminishing support and having the child take on increasing responsibility as soon as she or he is able.

Answer 65

scaffolding

Question 66

emphasizing the interconnectedness of the many factors that influence a child's development

Answer 66

bioecological approach

Question 67

preschoolers' knowledge and skills related to reading

Answer 67

emergent literacy

Question 68

Who postulated four stages of cognitive development through which people progress between birth and young adulthood?

Answer 68

Piaget

Question 69

What are Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 69

1. sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) 2. preoperational stage (2 - 7 years) 3. concrete operational stage (7 - 11 years) 4. formal operational stage (11 - adulthood)

Question 70

Who viewed cognitive development as an outgrowth of social development through interaction with others and the environment?

Answer 70

Vygotsky

Question 71

Who created a bioecological model to describe how family, school, community's and cultural factors impact a child's development?

Answer 71

Bronfenbrenner

Question 72

Whose work is called a psychosocial theory because it relates principles of psychological and social development and hypothesized that people pass through eight psychosocial stages in their lifetimes?

Answer 72

Erik Erikson

Question 73

The 8 stages of Erikson's personal and social development:

Answer 73

1. Trust versus mistrust (birth-18 months) 2. Autonomy versus Doubt (18 months-3 years) 3. Initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years) 4. Industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years) 5. Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years) 6. Intimacy versus isolation (young adulthood) 7. Generativity versus self-absorption (middle adulthood) 8. Integrity versus despair ( late adulthood)

Question 74

Who believed that cognitive structures and abilities develop first?

Answer 74

Piaget

Question 75

stage of "moral realism" or "morality of constraint"; being subject to rules imposed by others

Answer 75

heteronomous morality

Question 76

"morality of cooperation"; arises as a child's social world expands to include more and more peers

Answer 76

autonomous morality

Question 77

Who believed in a stage theory of moral reasoning?

Answer 77

Kohlberg

Question 78

What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning?

Answer 78

1. Preconventional Level - rules are set down by others 2. Conventional Level - individuals adopts rules and will sometimes subordinate own needs to those of the group 3. Postconventional Level - people define own values in terms of ethical principles they have chosen to follow

Question 79

voluntary actions toward others such as caring, sharing, comforting, and cooperating

Answer 79

prosocial behaviors

Question 80

play that occurs alone

Answer 80

solitary play

Question 81

children engaged in the same activity side by side but with very little interaction or mutual influence

Answer 81

parallel play

Question 82

much like parallel play but with increased levels of interaction in the form of sharing, turn-taking, and general interest in what others a doing

Answer 82

associative play

Question 83

occurs when children join together to achieve a common goal

Answer 83

cooperative play

Question 84

includes the way in which we perceive our strengths, weaknesses, abilities, attitudes, and values

Answer 84

self-concept

Question 85

refers to how we evaluate our skills and abilities

Answer 85

self-esteem

Question 86

key word regarding personal and social development

Answer 86

acceptance

Question 87

3 ways to help children develop social skills

Answer 87

1. reinforcing appropriate social behavior 2. modeling 3. coaching

Question 88

the tendency to think about what is going on in one's own mind and to study oneself

Answer 88

reflectivity

Question 89

James Marcia's 4 identity statuses

Answer 89

1. Foreclosure - never experienced an identity crisis; established an identity on the basis of their parents' choices 2. Identity diffusion - no occupational direction nor an ideological commitment of any kind 3. Moratorium - experiment with occupational and ideological choices but have not het made definitive commitments to either 4. Identity achievement - signifies a state of identity consolidation in which adolescents have made their own conscious, clear cut decisions about occupation and ideology