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Sport studies > chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  1. Shape and Support
  2. Muscle attachment for movement
  3. protection
  4. red blood cell production
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2
Q

What are the different joint types?

A
  1. fixed or immovable joints / fibrous joints
  2. Slightly moveable/cartilaginous joints
  3. freely moveable joints / synovial joints
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3
Q

What is the structure of a synovial joint?

A

made up of the synovial membrane, synovial fluid, joint capsule, cartilage and ligaments

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4
Q

Purpose of the synovial membrane?

A

surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid

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5
Q

Purpose of Synovial fluid?

A

Acts a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint, allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear

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6
Q

Purpose of Joint capsule?

A

The structure that surrounds and protects the joint, Holding the bones together, is Made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

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7
Q

Purpose of Ligaments?

A

The strong, elastic fibres that hold the bones together and keep them in place

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8
Q

Purpose of Cartilage?

A

A strong but flexible material found at the end of bones acts as a cushion to stop bones from knocking together.

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9
Q

Purpose of Tendons?

A

A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone and enables joints to withstand tension

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10
Q

Define Muscle

A

A band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contact, Producing movement in the body

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11
Q

What is the agonist?

A

the muscle that contracts to create movement (also called the prime mover)

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12
Q

What is the Antagonist?

A

The muscle that relaxes during a movement.

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13
Q

Define Tendon

A

tough band of fibrous tissue that anchors muscle to bone and allows movement to happen.

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14
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Where muscles change length as they contract

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15
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens

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16
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens

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17
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Where the muscle contracts, but stays the same length..

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18
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

Often called cardio, Your heart rate increases to supply oxygenated blood to the muscles so they can keep performing at moderate levels over an extended period of time.

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19
Q

Anaerobic exercise

A

A short period of high-intensity activity, Where your body demands oxygen is greater than the supply available. Oxygenated blood cannot be supplied to muscles quickly enough. The body uses up energy sources stored in the muscles with a possible build-up of lactic acid in muscles

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20
Q

pathway of air to the body

A

Mouth/nasal passage ➡ trachea ➡ bronchi ➡ bronchioles ➡ alveoli

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21
Q

Characteristics of alveoli

A
  1. Moist to ensure gas exchange takes place
  2. surrounded by blood capillaries to ensure good blood supply
  3. One cell thick walls to ensure gases pass through easily.
  4. large surface area to volume ratio for the huge amounts of air involved in breathing and getting oxygen to your lungs.
22
Q

Diaphragm during inhalation

A

contracts to become flatter

23
Q

Diaphragm during exhalation

A

relaxes and domes upwards

24
Q

rib cage during inhalation

A

moves outwards and upwards as the intercostal muscles contact and lengthen

25
Q

rib cage during exhalation

A

moves inwards and downwards as intercostal muscles relax

26
Q

function of plasma

A

The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.

27
Q

function of red blood cells

A

transporting oxygen from your lungs to your body’s tissues, Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which is responsible for transporting oxygen to the blood

28
Q

function of white blood cells

A

Help defend the body against pathogens by creating antibodies to attack them.

29
Q

function of platelets

A

Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding.

30
Q

function of left atrium

A

receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

31
Q

function of right atrium

A

The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.

32
Q

function of left ventricle

A

The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.

33
Q

Function of right ventricle

A

The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs.

34
Q

Function of valves

A

The valves keep blood moving through the heart in the right direction.

35
Q

Pathway of blood through heart

A

Superior and inferior vena cave ➡ right atrium ➡ right ventricle ➡ pulmonary artery ➡ LUNGS ➡ left atrium ➡ left ventricle ➡ aorta

36
Q

average heart rate for teenagers and adults

A

teenagers:50-90bpm adults: 60-80bpm

37
Q

define cardiac output

A

the amount of blood expelled from the heart each minute

38
Q

cardiac output formula

A

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

39
Q

define stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction

40
Q

where is glucose stored

A

glycogen

41
Q

aerobic respiration

A

takes place in the presence of oxygen, chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.

42
Q

aerobic respiration formula

A

glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy

43
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

process of converting glucose into energy without oxygen present

44
Q

anaerobic respiration formula

A

glucose → lactic acid + energy

45
Q

define lactic acid

A

waste product formed in the muscles during anaerobic respiration causing muscles to fatigue.

46
Q

define oxygen debt

A

temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise

47
Q

EPOC

A

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

48
Q

what is EPOC?

A

process of taking additional oxygen needed by cells in the body in order to remove lactic acid created by anaerobic respiration

49
Q

factors affecting recovery time

A

overall fitness and strength levels, Genetics, Age, Gender, Sleep

50
Q

short term effects on exercise

A

heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, red skin, sweating, fatigue, nausea

51
Q

long term effects on exercise

A

Heart size (hypertrophy), resting pulse rate, stroke volume, ability to tolerate lactic acid

52
Q

define hypertrophy

A

process whereby the muscle walls of the heart get thicker and stronger as a result of training

Sport studies (3 decks)

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