chapters 1-4

Question 1

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

1. Shape and Support
2. Muscle attachment for movement
3. protection
4. red blood cell production

Question 2

What are the different joint types?

Answer 2

1. fixed or immovable joints / fibrous joints
2. Slightly moveable/cartilaginous joints
3. freely moveable joints / synovial joints

Question 3

What is the structure of a synovial joint?

Answer 3

made up of the synovial membrane, synovial fluid, joint capsule, cartilage and ligaments

Question 4

Purpose of the synovial membrane?

Answer 4

surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid

Question 5

Purpose of Synovial fluid?

Answer 5

Acts a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint, allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear

Question 6

Purpose of Joint capsule?

Answer 6

The structure that surrounds and protects the joint, Holding the bones together, is Made up of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

Question 7

Purpose of Ligaments?

Answer 7

The strong, elastic fibres that hold the bones together and keep them in place

Question 8

Purpose of Cartilage?

Answer 8

A strong but flexible material found at the end of bones acts as a cushion to stop bones from knocking together.

Question 9

Purpose of Tendons?

Answer 9

A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone and enables joints to withstand tension

Question 10

Define Muscle

Answer 10

A band of fibrous tissue that has the ability to contact, Producing movement in the body

Question 11

What is the agonist?

Answer 11

the muscle that contracts to create movement (also called the prime mover)

Question 12

What is the Antagonist?

Answer 12

The muscle that relaxes during a movement.

Question 13

Define Tendon

Answer 13

tough band of fibrous tissue that anchors muscle to bone and allows movement to happen.

Question 14

Isotonic contraction

Answer 14

Where muscles change length as they contract

Question 15

Concentric Contraction

Answer 15

Muscle contraction where the muscle shortens

Question 16

Eccentric Contraction

Answer 16

Muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens

Question 17

Isometric contraction

Answer 17

Where the muscle contracts, but stays the same length..

Question 18

Aerobic exercise

Answer 18

Often called cardio, Your heart rate increases to supply oxygenated blood to the muscles so they can keep performing at moderate levels over an extended period of time.

Question 19

Anaerobic exercise

Answer 19

A short period of high-intensity activity, Where your body demands oxygen is greater than the supply available. Oxygenated blood cannot be supplied to muscles quickly enough. The body uses up energy sources stored in the muscles with a possible build-up of lactic acid in muscles

Question 20

pathway of air to the body

Answer 20

Mouth/nasal passage ➡ trachea ➡ bronchi ➡ bronchioles ➡ alveoli

Question 21

Characteristics of alveoli

Answer 21

1. Moist to ensure gas exchange takes place
2. surrounded by blood capillaries to ensure good blood supply
3. One cell thick walls to ensure gases pass through easily.
4. large surface area to volume ratio for the huge amounts of air involved in breathing and getting oxygen to your lungs.

Question 22

Diaphragm during inhalation

Answer 22

contracts to become flatter

Question 23

Diaphragm during exhalation

Answer 23

relaxes and domes upwards

Question 24

rib cage during inhalation

Answer 24

moves outwards and upwards as the intercostal muscles contact and lengthen

Question 25

rib cage during exhalation

Answer 25

moves inwards and downwards as intercostal muscles relax

Question 26

function of plasma

Answer 26

The main role of plasma is to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it.

Question 27

function of red blood cells

Answer 27

transporting oxygen from your lungs to your body's tissues, Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which is responsible for transporting oxygen to the blood

Question 28

function of white blood cells

Answer 28

Help defend the body against pathogens by creating antibodies to attack them.

Question 29

function of platelets

Answer 29

Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding.

Question 30

function of left atrium

Answer 30

receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle.

Question 31

function of right atrium

Answer 31

The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle.

Question 32

function of left ventricle

Answer 32

The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.

Question 33

Function of right ventricle

Answer 33

The right ventricle is the chamber within the heart that is responsible for pumping oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs.

Question 34

Function of valves

Answer 34

The valves keep blood moving through the heart in the right direction.

Question 35

Pathway of blood through heart

Answer 35

Superior and inferior vena cave ➡ right atrium ➡ right ventricle ➡ pulmonary artery ➡ LUNGS ➡ left atrium ➡ left ventricle ➡ aorta

Question 36

average heart rate for teenagers and adults

Answer 36

teenagers:50-90bpm adults: 60-80bpm

Question 37

define cardiac output

Answer 37

the amount of blood expelled from the heart each minute

Question 38

cardiac output formula

Answer 38

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

Question 39

define stroke volume

Answer 39

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction

Question 40

where is glucose stored

Answer 40

glycogen

Question 41

aerobic respiration

Answer 41

takes place in the presence of oxygen, chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.

Question 42

aerobic respiration formula

Answer 42

glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + energy

Question 43

anaerobic respiration

Answer 43

process of converting glucose into energy without oxygen present

Question 44

anaerobic respiration formula

Answer 44

glucose → lactic acid + energy

Question 45

define lactic acid

Answer 45

waste product formed in the muscles during anaerobic respiration causing muscles to fatigue.

Question 46

define oxygen debt

Answer 46

temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues arising from exercise

Question 47

EPOC

Answer 47

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

Question 48

what is EPOC?

Answer 48

process of taking additional oxygen needed by cells in the body in order to remove lactic acid created by anaerobic respiration

Question 49

factors affecting recovery time

Answer 49

overall fitness and strength levels, Genetics, Age, Gender, Sleep

Question 50

short term effects on exercise

Answer 50

heart rate increases, breathing rate increases, red skin, sweating, fatigue, nausea

Question 51

long term effects on exercise

Answer 51

Heart size (hypertrophy), resting pulse rate, stroke volume, ability to tolerate lactic acid

Question 52

define hypertrophy

Answer 52

process whereby the muscle walls of the heart get thicker and stronger as a result of training