Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
Spinning ball of gas and dust. Heaviest sinks to the middle. Forms disc with rings, planets form in those rings
A
Nebula Theory
2
Q
Large asteroid collides with Earth. Break off tons of dust material. Forms ring around Earth. Dust forms together= moon
A
Formation of Moon
3
Q
Heavy, dense material sinks to middle
A
Formation of Earth/ Differentiation
4
Q
Chemical and Physical properties that come together to form the _______________
A
Structure of the Earth
5
Q
Core
Mantle
Crust
A
Chemical Properties of the Structure of the Earth
6
Q
Inner Core
Outer Core
Mesosphere
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
A
Physical Properties of the Structure of the Earth
7
Q
Uppermost mantle and Crust - brittle solid (P)
A
Lithosphere
8
Q
Upper mantle - plastic/ ductile solid (P)
A
Asthenosphere
9
Q
Lower mantle - brittle solid (P)
A
Mesosphere
10
Q
Liquid (P)
A
Outer Core
11
Q
Solid (P)
A
Inner Core
12
Q
Made of silicon and aluminum. (C)
A
Crust
13
Q
Made of Iron and Magnesium. (C)
A
Mantle
14
Q
Made of Iron and Nickel. (C)
A
Core
15
Q
Older and thicker. Felsic. Granite, less dense.
A
Continental Crust
16
Q
Thinner and younger. Mafic. Basalt. Denser
A
Oceanic Crust
17
Q
Crust at mountain ranges
A
Continental
18
Q
Crust under ocean
A
Oceanic
19
Q
Rocks, Minerals, Volatiles, Melts, Organics, Glass, Grain, Sediment, and Metal
A
What the Earth is made of
20
Q
Made of clumps of minerals
A
Rocks
21
Q
Building blocks of rocks
A
Minerals
22
Q
Gases - H2O
A
Volatiles
23
Q
Liquids (Magma and lava)
A
Melts
24
Q
Living- coal, oil
A
Organics
25
Elements - not organized
Glass
26
Single piece of rock/mineral
Grain
27
Bunch of grains
Sediment
28
One metal element
Metal
29
Continents joined in one super continent called Pangea
Continental Drift
30
Surrounds Pangea
Panthalassic Ocean
31
Proposed Pangea/continental drift
Wegener
32
1. Puzzle like fit of continents
2. Fossils - identical species on opposite sides of ocean
3. Paleoclimats - glacial, coal, deserts
4. Rocks and Structures - rock types, mountains
Evidence of Continental Drift
33
Wegener cannot explain "how". Continents moving but not oceanic crust
Problems with Continental Drift
34
Great unifying theory of geology. Earth is divided into Lithospheric plates that move and interact
Plate Tectonics
35
Based on Earth's Magnetism. Rocks with iron - iron aligns with magnetic field
New Evidence
36
It looks like pole moved, plates moved.
Apparent polar wandering
37
Magnetic North and South switch
Magnetic Reversals
38
Harry Hess. Ocean spreads apart at Ridges - New oceanic crust is created. Oceanic crust destroyed in trenches
Seafloor Spreading
39
Part of plate over the mantle plume
Hot Spots
40
Column of heat in mantle
Mantle Plume
41
Chain of volcanoes formed at a hot spot (doesn't have a trench)
Hot Spot Track
42
1. Solid
2. Naturally Occurring
3. Inorganic
4. Formed by Geological Processes
5. Definite Chemical Composition
6. Crystalline Structure
- Specific, orderly arrangement of minerals
Criteria to be a mineral
43
1. Color
2. Crystal Habit
3. Cleavage
4. Hardness
5. Streak
6. Reaction to Acid
7. Luster
8. Magnetism
9. Taste
10. Specific Gravity
Mineral Properties - How to tell minerals apart
44
Shape if has time and space to grow. Result of crystalline structure. Mirror planes
Crystal Habit
45
Rotate and see the exact same
Rotational axis
46
Tendency to break into flat layers
Cleavage
47
Resistance to scratching (Harder object scratches softer object)
Hardness
48
Color in powdered form
Streak
49
Calcite: fizzes
Reaction to Acid
50
Metallic Luster - Shiny like a metal
Non-metallic - Not like a metal ~ Still may be shiny
Luster - Shininess
51
Measure of density. Weight
Specific Gravity
52
Quartz - Most common, durable
Calcite - Fizzes in acid
Halite - Salt
Olivine - Olive Green
Pyrite - Fools Gold
Minerals you need to know
53
Underground
Magma
54
Surface
Lava
55
Forms underground from magma
Intrusive
56
Forms at surface from lava and solids. Volcanic
Extrusive
57
Appearance of minerals in rock - formation implied
Texture
58
1. Glassy
2. Aphanitic
3. Phaneritic
4. Pegmatitic
Igneous Textures
59
No long-range crystalline structure. No minerals. Color rules do not apply to composition. Conchoidal fracture
Glassy
60
Minerals too small to see. Cool quickly from lava
Aphanitic
61
Visible minerals up to 2cm in size. Cool slowly from magma - form underground
Phaneritic
62
Large mineral crystals - larger than 2cm. Cool slowly from magma. Water in magma
Pegmatitic
63
Quartz
Feldspar
Muscovite
High amount of silicon aluminum
Light color
Felsic
64
Amphibole
Pyroxene
Olivene
High amounts of Magnesium and Iron
Dark color/ green
Mafic
65
Temperature at which melting begins
Solidus
66
Temperature at which all material is melting
Liquidus
67
v=d/t
Equation
68
The region of shallow to intermediate to deep earthquakes
Wadati-Benioff Zone
69
Determine Distance
Convert distance from km to cm (multiply by 100,000)
Determine the age (Note: Ma = millions of years. So 21 Ma =21,000,000)
Divide distance by time
Answer should be in cm/years
Rate of plate movement using a hot spot
70
Plate move: <--- --->
Seafloor spreading
Ocean
Forms new oceanic crust
Basalt lava flows
Earthquakes - shallow
Youngest ocean floor at ridge
Ex: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise
Divergent
71
Plates move: ---> <---
Trench
Wadati-Benioff Zone- Earthquakes get deeper further from trench
Oceanic crust destroyed
Ex: Japan, Indonesia, Aleutian Islands
Convergent
72
Volcanic Island Arch
VAI
73
Trench
VAI
WBZ
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent
74
Coastline
Volcanic Arc - chain of volcanoes parallel to trench and coastline
WBZ
Oceanic crust destroyed
AP - Accretionary Prism ~ Material not dense enough to subduct is scraped onto side of continent
Ex: Andes, Cascades
Oceanic-Continental Convergent
75
No subduction
No volcanoes
Earthquakes - shallow
Crust no created nor destroyed
Middle of continents
Ex: Himalaya Mountains, Alps
Continental-Continental Convergent
76
------------->
Plates move: <------------
Connects other plate boundaries
Earthquakes
No volcanoes
Crust neither created nor destroyed.
Fracture Zone-not a plate boundary
Ex: San Andreas Fault
Transform
77
Everywhere that is not a plate boundary
Intraplate
78
Has spread 1100 km on one side in 64 Ma. Calculate half and full spreading rates in cm/year.
Convert km to cm by multiplying by 100,000.
- 1,100km x 100,000 cm=110,000,000cm
Convert 64 Ma to millions of years
- 64 Ma = 64,000,000
Calculate half spreading rate
- 110,000,000cm/64,000,000 yrs =1.72 cm/yr
Calculate full spreading rate
- Half spreading rate x 2 = 1.72 x 2 = 3.4 cm/yr
Calculating a Spreading Rate
