Chapters 1-4

Question 1

What can behavior modification be used for

Answer 1

affecting behavior deemed problematic

Question 2

what is the focus on regarding behavior modification

Answer 2

Behavior modification approach focuses on the development of adaptive, prosocial behavior and the reduction of maladaptive behavior in everyday life.

Question 3

what are the central characteristics of behavior modification

Answer 3

• Emphasis on behavior
• Emphasis on Current determinants of behavior
• Emphasis on learning
• Assessment and Evaluation
• Application

Question 4

treatment evaluation has what characteristic

Answer 4

figuring out why performance has changed

Question 5

what is the behavior therapist’s role in treatment

Answer 5

designing the program

Question 6

what is pavlov known for

Answer 6

Pavlov is known for the creation of classical conditioning; Pavlov’s dogs.

Question 7

what is the empirical law of effect?

Answer 7

consequences that help that follow behavior help learning

Question 8

what is watson known for

Answer 8

crystalizing behaviorism

Question 9

how has behavior mod impacted other fields of psychology

Answer 9

made psychological research more objective and scientific

Question 10

what was the scientific procedure in the little albert case

Answer 10

presence of white rat was immediately followed by a noise

Question 11

what is observational learning?

Answer 11

observational learning occurs when a person sees someone else perform a behavior

Question 12

what is applied behavior analysis

Answer 12

extending the principles of operant conditions to everyday life and behaviors

Question 13

what is applied behavior analysis used for

Answer 13

Affecting change in individuals or settings

Question 14

what are prompts

Answer 14

antecedents that directly facilitate and guide perfromance

Question 15

what are secondary reinforcers

Answer 15

reinforcers that acquire their value through learning (money,grades,praise)

Question 16

how are positive and negative reinforcement alike

Answer 16

they both seek to increase a behavior

Question 17

what is punishment

Answer 17

presentation/removal of a stimulus or event following a response that decreases the lieklyhodd of that response

Question 18

what is extinction

Answer 18

stopping reinforceing a response that leads to the a decrease of the likelhood of the behavior in the future

Question 19

what are prompts used for

Answer 19

to generate a specific response

Question 20

what is fading

Answer 20

gradual removal of a prompt

Question 21

what is response covariation

Answer 21

tendency of responses to change together

Question 22

what are the steps in developing a behavioral program

Answer 22

1) determine the function of the behavior
2) determine an appropriate replacement behavior
3) determine when the replacement behavior should occur
4) design a teaching sequence
5) manipulate the environment to increase the probability of success
6) manipulate the environment to decrease the probability of failure
7) determine how positive behavior will be reinforced
8) determine consequences for occurrences of the problem behavior
9) develop a data collection system
10) develop behavioral goals and objectives

Question 23

what is the “target behavior”

Answer 23

the behavior that is meant to be changed

Question 24

what are the components in an operational definition

Answer 24

objectivity, clarity, and completeness

Question 25

how do frequency measures work

Answer 25

tallying the number of times the behavior occurs in a given time period

Question 26

when should frequency measures be used

Answer 26

situations the behavior is free to occur on multiple occasions and when opportunities are restricted

Question 27

how does discrete categorization work

Answer 27

behavior is given two categories correct-incorrect, perfromed-not performed

Question 28

how does interval scoring work

Answer 28

time the client is observed is divided into intervals and the behavior is marked doen as either occuring or not occuring during the interval

Question 29

how does duration measurement work

Answer 29

measures amount of time response is performed

Question 30

what is latency

Answer 30

measures how long the client takes to begin the response

Question 31

how is latency used

Answer 31

to determine how long it takes for a behavior to occur in a specific setting

Question 32

what are biological measures of behavior

Answer 32

methods that measure the psychical changes

Question 33

when would self report be used

Answer 33

when verbal behavior is the target

Question 34

what are reports by others

Answer 34

measures completed by those who can interact closely with the client

Question 35

what is reliability in behavioral observation

Answer 35

extent to which observers agree in their scoring of behavior

Question 36

what is obtrusive observation

Answer 36

obsevation that clients are aware of

Question 37

what is unobtrusive observation

Answer 37

observation that clients are not aware of

Question 38

how does reactivity affect observations

Answer 38

it can influence how the client perfroms and influence the data

Question 39

how is reactivity minimized

Answer 39

by use of unobtrusive measurement

Question 40

when would a "contrived" situation be used

Answer 40

in situations where the behaivor of intrest is of low frequency

Question 41

what is the purpose of a probe

Answer 41

to check to see if there are other changes than those that served as the intervention focus

Question 42

why is "relevance" important in behavior mod

Answer 42

it makes sure the measure reflect the area of interest and it is important because it makes sure the change is important to the client

Question 43

why are observers retrained

Answer 43

to ensure that definitions for scoring behavior are applied consistently.

Question 44

how would you know if an observation was obtrusive or not

Answer 44

if the client is aware of it

Question 45

what is acceptable agreement before treatment begins

Answer 45

the level of agreement among observers being at a rate deemed acceptable depending on the experiment.

Question 46

how is interobserver agreement calculated

Answer 46

frequency ratio and point by point agreement ratio