Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
New proteins destined for the plasma membrane or points beyond are synthesized in the ______ and are physically assembled in the _______.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Golgi apparatus (p. 6)
Intracellular organelles that contain degradative enzymes that permit the digestion of a wide range of macromolecules.
Lysosomes (p. 6)
The ability of cells to adopt a particular shape, maintain polarity, organize the relationship of intracellular organelles, and move about depends on the ________.
Cytoskeleton (p. 10)
The components of the extracellular matrix fall into three groups of proteins. List and describe these groups.
- Fibrous structural proteins- such as collagens and elastins that confer tensile strength and recoil.
- Water-hydrated gels- such as proteoglycans and hyaluronan that permit compressive resistance and lubrication.
- Adhesive glycoproteins- connect ECM elemts to one another and to cells (p. 21-23)
What are the two important properites characterized by stem cells?
- Self renewal- which permits stem cells to maintain their numbers
- Asymmetric division- one daughter cell enters a differentiation pathway and gives rise to mature cells, while the other remains undifferentiated and retains its self-renewal capacity (p. 26)
What are the two varieties of stem cells?
- Embryonic stem cells are the most undifferentiated. They have virtually limitless cell renewal capacity and can give rise to every cell in the body (totipotent).
- Tissue stem cells (adult stem cells) have a limited repertoire of differentiated cells that they can generate. (p. 27)
Which cell organelle is the cell’s supplier of ATP and also a critical player in cell injury and death?
Mitochondria (p. 15)
Define the terms atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
Hyperplasia – an increase in cell number
Hypertrophy – an increase in cell size
Atrophy – a reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in cell size and number Metaplasia – an alteration of cell differentiation (p. 34-37)
An insoluble pigment also known as wear-and-tear pigment whose importance lies in its being a telltale sign of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation.
Lipofuscin (p. 64)
Define the terms metaplasia and dysplasia.
Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type.
Dysplasia literally means disordered growth. Changes include a loss in the uniformity of the individual cells as well as a loss in their architectural orientation.
(p. 37, p. 271)
Name and define the two principal patterns of cell death.
Necrosis – cell death when a pathologic process damages the membrane so severely that enzymes enter the cytoplasm and digest the cell.
Apoptosis – cell death through activation of internally controlled suicide program. (p. 39)
Define hypoxia and ischemia.
Ischemia - reduced blood flow from impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage in a tissue.
Hypoxia - a deficiency of oxygen which causes cell injury or death by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration either by reduced blood flow (ischemia), inadequate oxygenation (cardiorespiratory failure) or decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (anemia). (p. 39)
What is the first known manifestation of almost all forms of injury to individual cells?
Cellular swelling (p. 41)
Define the terms pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis.
Pyknosis is characterized by nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia.
Karyolysis is a change that presumably reflects loss of DNA in which the basophilia of the chromatin may fade
Karyorrhexis is when the pyknotic or partially pyknotic nucleus undergoes fragmentation. (p. 42)
Define coagulation necrosis and liquefactive necrosis and give an example where each can be encountered.
Coagulative necrosis – denaturation is the primary pattern. It implies preservation of the basic outline of the coagulated cell for a span of at least some days. The affected tissues exhibit a firm texture. The injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes and blocks the proteolysis of the cell. Example – myocardial infarction.
Liquefactive necrosis – dominant enzyme digestion. Characteristic of focal bacterial or fungal infections. Liquefaction completely digests the dead cells. The end result is transformation of the tissue into a liquid, viscous mass. Example – Central nervous system hypoxic cell death (p. 43)
What is fat necrosis, and in what organ is it most frequently seen?
Fat destruction due to release of lipases, often seen in the pancreas (p. 43-44)
Caseous necrosis is most frequently associated with what type of infection?
Tuberculosis (p. 43)
What stains would be used to differentiate glycogen from fat?
GLYCOGEN – Best Carmine or periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) with and without diastase FAT – Sudan Black B or Oil-Red-O (p. 63, p. 151)
Define hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis.
Hemosiderosis – a condition in which hemosiderin is deposited in many organs and tissues, usually without parenchymal damage or impaired organ functions; systemic overload of iron. Hemochromatosis – an extreme accumulation of iron associated with liver and pancreatic damage, resulting in liver fibrosis, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. (p. 65, p. 847)
Define dystrophic calcification and metastatic calcification.
Dystrophic calcification – calcium deposition occurs locally in nonviable or dying tissues. It occurs despite normal serum levels of calcium and in the absence of derangements in calcium metabolism. Metastatic calcification – deposition of calcium salts in vital tissues, almost always reflects some isturbance in calcium metabolism, leading to hypercalcemia. (p. 65)
. Define transudate and exudate.
Exudate – inflammatory, extravascular fluid that has a high protein concentration, much cellular debris, and a high specific gravity. It implies significant alteration in the normal permeability of small blood vessels in the area of injury.
Transudate – a fluid with low protein content (most of which is albumin) and a low specific gravity. It is an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma and results from hydrostatic imbalance across the vascular endothelium. (p. 73)
Describe the stages of leukocyte extravasation.
- In the lumen: margination, rolling, and adhesion to endothelium
- Migration across the endothelium and vessel wall
- Migration in the tissues toward a chemotactic stimulus (p. 75)
Name the three major components of acute inflammation:
- Alteration in vascular caliber that leads to an increase in blood flow.
- Structural changes in the microvasculature that permit the plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation.
- Emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation and their accumulation in the focus of injury. (p. 73)
Name the five clinical signs associated within inflammation.
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function (p. 71)
Name the particular cells of the reticuloendothelial system that are responsible for: 1) acute inflammatory response and 2) chronic inflammatory response.
Acute inflammatory response – leukocytes – mainly neutrophils
Chronic inflammatory response – mononuclear cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes (p. 71)
Define a serous inflammation
marked by the outpouring of a thin fluid that, depending on the size of the injury, is derived from either the blood serum or the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.
Fibrinous inflammation
develops when the vascular leaks are large enough to allow fibrin to pass through the vascular barrier, or there is a procoagulant stimulus. Characteristic of inflammation in body cavities, such as the pericardium and pleura.
Purulent inflammation
characterized by the production of large amounts of pus or purulent exudates consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid. (p. 90-91)
The histologic hallmarks of chronic inflammation include_______.
Infiltration with mononuclear cells, tissue destruction, healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue (angiogenesis, fibrosis). (p. 93-94)
A microscopic aggregation of macrophages that are transformed into epithelium-like cells surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells is known as a _________.
Granuloma (p. 98)
Define leukocytosis
Leukocytosis – common feature of inflammatory reactions, especially those induced by bacterial infection. The leukocyte count usually climbs to 15,000 or 20,000 cells/microliter.
Define leukopenia
decreased number of circulating white cells. Encountered in infections such as typhoid fever and rickettsiae (p. 99
Define leukemoid reaction.
leukocyte count of 40,000 to 100,000 cells/microliter. These extreme elevations are similar to the white cell counts obtained in leukemia.
Define the following types of inflammatory reactions: a)abscess b)ulcer.
Abscess – focal localized collections of purulent inflammatory tissue caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.
Ulcer – a local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. (p. 91)
