Chapters 1-4

Question 1

Difference deductive and inductive reasoning

Answer 1

Deductive reasoning: top-down
inductive reasoning: bottum-up

Question 2

Inductive reasoning

Answer 2

if the premise is true, they support the conclusion but do not garantee its truth

Question 3

Deductive reasoning

Answer 3

If the premise is true, the conclusion must be true as well

Question 4

Example of deductive reasoning

Answer 4

1. all swans are birds
2. all birds are animals
3. therfore, all swans are animals

Question 5

main advantagee of deductive arguments over inductive arguments

Answer 5

deductive arguments can never introduce new errors + they can be known to be true based on their form alone (not content)

Question 6

characteristics of a scientific law

Answer 6

mathematical equiation,
concise and simple
universal in scope

Question 7

What is the problem with scientific laws

Answer 7

Very general, we can never observe all cases

Question 8

How can the problems in scientific laws be addressed

Answer 8

by using ways of reasoning in science that are ampliative (versterkend) and that add to what is known

Question 9

What is necessity view of law?

Answer 9

laws express not only what is the case but also what must be the case.

laws describe the necessary relationship between entities, properties, events

Question 10

what is regularity view of law?

Answer 10

laws of nature simply describe what happens to be the case

laws describe regularities and patterns observed in nature

Question 11

what are the problems of induction

Answer 11

skeptical: why do we expect the future to be like the past?
practical problems: questions about uniformity of data, repressentiveness of data rights for generalization

Question 12

what is the highest form of knowledge in the humanities?

Answer 12

intimate knowledge of the particulars

Question 13

what are the 3 different types of knowledge

Answer 13

knowledge by acquaintance,
Practical knowledge
propositional knowledge

Question 14

what is propositional knowlegde

Answer 14

asserts that a certain proposition or claim is true

for example, if Susan knows that Alyssa is a musician, she has knowledge of the proposition that Alyssa is a musician

Question 15

what is the meaning of analyzing a concept

Answer 15

to provide precise criteria for when that concept applies

Question 16

what are the 3 conditions for someone to know a proposition

Answer 16

they believe it,
they are justified in believing it,
it is true

Question 17

what is belief in the context of knowledge analysis

Answer 17

belief in this context refers to wheter someone accepts a proposition as true or not

Question 18

What is the puzzle of justification

Answer 18

when someone is justified in believing A on the basis of B, they need to be justified in believing B supports A

Question 19

what is justification in the context of knowledge analysis

Answer 19

justification refers to wheter someone has good reason to believe a proposition

Question 20

what is the role of trust in science

Answer 20

trust is fundamental attitute that allows scientific progress

Question 21

What two ingredients does every truth have

Answer 21

1. language
2. the world

Question 22

what is the weakness of the nomothethic approach

Answer 22

it can erase specificity of outcomes
can be reductive, mechanistic and positivistic

Question 23

what is the nomothetic approach

Answer 23

identifies regularities, formulates laws and generalizations

Question 24

What is the nomothetic approach mostly associated with

Answer 24

natural science

Question 25

what is the weakness of the idiographic approach

Answer 25

can be blind to general factors, leads to large collections of insights rather than systematic knowledge

Question 26

what is the idiographic approach

Answer 26

focussed on understanding the characteristic and meaning of unique occurences, Yields detail sensitive knowledge

Question 27

what is the idiographic approach mostly assiocated with?

Answer 27

humanities

Question 28

what is the focus of the natural science

Answer 28

universals and regularities

Question 29

what is the tension between the nomothetic approach and idiographic approach in social science?

Answer 29

certain disciplines skew towards one side but there is always desire to balance the two

Question 30

what is the focus of the humanities

Answer 30

historical human actors

Question 31

What is Carl Hempel's deductive nomological model?

Answer 31

Law 1 Condition 1, Therefore, Explenandum

Question 32

What is the problem with Hempel's DN model?

Answer 32

The DN model seems to be unable to capture explanatory asymmetries (doesn't distinguish between different types of explanations)

Question 33

What is causation?

Answer 33

Causation is a strong relationship between two variables such that if A is a cause of B, then B happened because of A (strong relationship between cause and effect)

Question 34

What is causation?

Answer 34

Causation is a strong relationship between two variables such that if A is a cause of B, then B happened because of A.

Question 35

What is the difference between correlation and causation?

Answer 35

Correlation refers to a relationship between two variables, while causation refers to a strong relationship between two variables such that one variable causes the other.