Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC 358 Cognitive Development > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

True or False: According to the dynamic systems approach, development occurs over time due to unidirectional, interactions among systems and is linear

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Someone who believes that development is_____ would, for example, expect a child who is a good reader for their level, to also be able to remember certain history facts (grade appropriate)

A

DOMAIN GENERAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

WHO said ‘ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny’?

A

G.S. Hall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the features of an apprenticeship?

A

ELABORATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the domains of HD ?

A

Physical, Social, Emotional, AND COGNITIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Cognitive development all about?

A

The changes which occur to a person’s KNOWLEDGE, ABILITY, AND FUNCTIONS over the lifespan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The information we store influences…?

A

what we attend to, PERCEIVE, Learn, Remember, & Feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Macromechanisms are…? Give an example.

A

Higher order conscious- Ex: decision making; AWARE that we’re doing them; consciously making a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Micromechanisms are…? Give an example.

A

Basic, not consciously aware.

Ex: classifying stimuli; Blinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the Assumptions of Cognitive psychology?

A
  • Mental processes exist

- People actively process information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does cognitive development occur?

A
  1. Qualitative differences vs. Quantitative
  2. Nature vs. Nurture
  3. Stability vs. Plasticity (room for growth)
  4. Dynamic systems approach
  5. Nonlinear
  6. Self Organization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Development has what type of relationship between STRUCTURE & FUNCTION ?

A

A RECIPROCAL relationship between structure & function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Domain General Development ? Give an example

A

simultaneous development in Multiple areas.

Child’s language on PAR with problem solving skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Occurs at different rates in different areas?

AND give an example of this

A

Domain Specific

Example: Child can be great at MATH but NOT English

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Representation is…?

A

Aka Mental Encoding. The way we think of things mentally (the beach). It differs from our earlier levels of cognition to our current level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Strategies are…?

A

An approach to attaining a goal (to keep memories; goal to remember, attain a memory for a long time)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

From a sociocultural perspective what influences Cognitive development?

A

Social & Cultural environment influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 Levels of development of the Sociocultural perspective & describe

A
  1. Ontogeny- lifetime
  2. Microgenetic- brief periods
  3. Phylogeny (“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”)- Evolution
  4. Socio-historical- impact of the history of a culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which domains of development does Lev believe are not isolated from one another?

A

Biological & Social Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What has a dramatic impact on cognitive development?

A

Social interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Challenging tasks promote?

A

Maximum growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is ZPD? (zone of proximal development)

A

range of tasks children cant perform independently, but can with help.
where instruction is in place to enhance new cognitive growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Zone of current development (ZCD) ?

A

What can be done INDEPENDENTLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

More knowledgeable other (MKO) helps learner?

A

Helps learner accomplish ZPD tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Scaffolding...?
MKO enables child to perform tasks in her ZPD today, he will be able to do independently tomorrow. as competence increases, less guidance provided
26
support during scaffolding include...?
Clues, directions, examples
27
What is PERECEPTION?
Basic processing of sensory information
28
How is perception related to Cognition?
-We need perception to give meaning to 'messy' sensory input
29
According to perceptual development in infancy, there is a 2 way relationship between ?
PERCEPTION & COGNITION
30
How we perceive affects how we think AND...?
How we think affects what we perceive
31
Explain Preference when regarding infant perception?
Preference for one stimulus implies the ability to discriminate & that the preferred one is more salient
32
What is Habituation?
shown something over & over that you get use to which leads to not much excitement as initial greet. Present one stimulus until infant habituates, then replace with novel stimulus.
33
Dishabituation?
implies ability to discriminate
34
Name various techniques used regarding infant perception?
Non nutritive sucking Looking Physiological reaction
35
How much vision is present in an infant at birth? | AND what are they able to do with that amount of vision?
1/3 of adult level | *Follow movement
36
Describe vision Accommodation
ability to bring a particular object into focus at any distance
37
What is ACUITY ?
ability to detect fine detail
38
At what age will the infant acquire 20/20 vision?
11 months
39
Audition is...?
newborns auditory threshold is 10-20 decibels Higher than adults
40
Infants prefer what type of sounds?
Sounds they heard in the womb
41
Do infants prefer high or low frequency sounds?
HIGH
42
At what age can infants differentiate phonemes at?
one month
43
When can infants recognize familiar sound patterns?
around 4.5 months
44
Intermodal Integration is...?
Using information from one sensory modality to guide our exploration of another
45
Explain the characteristics of SIGHT?
- sound relations - Temporal Synchrony (detect something is wrong) - Face/Voice (emotion, sex, mouth movement) - distinguish & determine emotion; wants the emotion to MATCH face & mouth movement
46
Cross Modal Matching...?
learn about an object in one modality, recognize it in another (touch to observe)
47
In cross modal matching, What happens at 9 months ?
Sight & Touch
48
Object Representation...?
understanding the nature of objects (basic) (people can be objects as well)
49
Constancy...?
Knowing objects REMAIN even when viewpoint changes
50
Continuity...?
Individual objects are seen as cohesive
51
Object permanence...?
Knowing 'Hidden' objects/people still exist
52
Knowledge of People & Actions?
RECIPROCITY
53
Ordinality...?
a basic understanding of 'more than' or 'less than'
54
Give an example of what a 10 month old is able to display regarding representations of numbers & quantities
Can distinguish between 2 boxes containing different amounts of crackers
55
At what age can infants tell the difference between arrays (line-up/organization), but ratio must be relatively large?
6 month
56
What is COGNITION?
changes which occur to a person's cognitive structures (knowledge, memory, ability) & functions Ex: 5 yr old singing & playing guitar
57
Cognition is a reflection of ...?
The Mind
58
Development is ?
Changes in structure or functions over time
59
How is cognition measured?
it can not be measured directly.
60
What KINDS of activities does cognition include ?
develop a plan to solve a problem EXECUTE that plan Evaluate the success of the plan Make modifications as needed
61
Development is :
Ontongeny; refers to changes in function
62
Structure is used for : 2 different way
- Hypothetical construction. Ability that changes w/age. like a mental dictionary - Mental organization that allows children to place objects in arrays; like shortest to tallest
63
Describe what FUNCTION is
Action related to a structure | -functions are limited to the actions that structures are able to perform
64
Give an example of a FUNCTION
active toddler with greater # of OUTSIDE experiences vs. Less active child. *These experiences will affect the child's developing intellect (STRUCTURE) which will affect child's actions (FUNCTION)
65
What PROMOTES changes in the Structures themselves? | What theorist used a reflection of this?
- The FUNCTIONING of mental STRUCTURES | - Jean Piaget
66
NATIVIST is :
protecting the interests of native-born
67
What is QUALITATIVE mean according Cognitive development ?
More in Detail, STRAIGHT forward & linear; Predictable
68
Quantitative ?
More statistics; NUMERICAL, NOT predictable
69
Explain what NATURE is :
Anything inherited; Biology, genetic. | Intelligence is an expression of one's genes & would be constant over one's lifetime
70
Explain what NURTURE is :
Change due to EXPERIENCE
71
Explain STABILITY?
Where children maintain their same relative rank of cognition order over time compared with their peers
72
Plasticity :
can be shaped by experience
73
Dynamic Systems Approach:
Changes occur over time due to Bidirectional, continuous interaction among systems, and is NON linear
74
What is Bidirectional?
Interactions that occur among systems
75
The process of change in gene frequencies w/in populations over many generations produces new species if referring to ?
EVOLUTION
76
Explain SPECIES ?
- a key term that Charles Darwin addressed in his book "On the Origin of Species" - Members of the species ALL have diff combos of traits
77
Conditions of environment for a particular species ALL have diff combos of inherited traits is called....
NATURAL SELECTION
78
Describe what Biologically Primary Abilities are ?
- cognitive abilities selected over course of evolution; such as LANGUAGE - Abilities are acquired UNIVERSALLY - Children typically have high motivation to perform them
79
Skills that build on these primary abilities BUT depend on cultural inventions; like READING.
Biologically secondary abilities
80
What is developmental cognitive neuroscience ?
Psychological explanation with Biological factors.
81
What is behavior genetics ?
study of genetic effects on BEHAVIOR & psychological characteristics; LIKE intelligence & personality
82
How do Neurons communicate with each other ?
- Through the BRAIN & the Nervous system at large | - through electrical & chemical signals
83
At birth the human brain is what percentage of its adult weight?
25 percent
84
What are synapses?
Small spaces between dendrites where messages are passed. | -They are formed from EXPERIENCE
85
Proliferation is ? | And when does it occur ?
process of cell division by MITOSIS | -occurs early in development, during PRENATAL period
86
How many stages of development do neurons go through ? | What are they ?
3; Proliferation, Migration & Differentiation
87
Explain what MYELINATION is?
- neurons coated with fatty tissue that result in FASTER transfer of signals & - reduce interference from other neurons
88
Neocortex consists of 2 hemispheres connected by a thick mass of nerves called :
CORUPUS CALLOSUM
89
What is brain plasticity ?
Ability to change & potential outcomes for a single neuron or bundles or larger area
90
What happens to the plasticity needed to form new synapses with age?
it declines BUT does not disappear
91
SocioCultural perspective is
Where social & cultural environment influence cognitive development
92
How does Vygotsky's perspective differ from Piaget ?
Vygotsky clams that human cognition is socio cultural & the course of intellectual growth is not universal
93
What is Ontogeny ?
development of the individual over their lifetime
94
Microgenetic is
changes that occur over brief periods of time, ADDING to your knowledge example: changes in child solving addition problems over weeks or practice
95
Phylogeny is
changes over evolutionary time
96
What does Vygotsky say regarding evolutionary psychology perspective ?
understanding species' history can provide insight on child development
97
Socio historical is
changes that occurred in one's culture & the values, norms, & technologies that a history generated
98
What is apprenticeship ?
- training a child in adult tasks | - use of tools: physical, intellectual, conceptual like speech, writing etc

PSYC 358 Cognitive Development (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions