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Physio Lecture > Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the normal fnctioning of living organism

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Smallest unit of structure capable of carrying out all life processes

A

Cell

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3
Q

Collections of cells that carry out related functions make up ___ which make up _____

A

Tissues, organs

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4
Q

10 Physiological organ systems

A 
Respiratory
Digestive 
Integumentary
Musculoskeletal
Urinary
Reproductive
Circulatory
Endocrine
Nervous
Immune
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5
Q

Approach to physio that explains why events happen

A

Teleological approach

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6
Q

Explain how things happen in physio

A

Mechanistic approach

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7
Q

Maintenance of a relatively constant internal enviornment

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

Body’s internal environment

A

Extracellular fluid

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9
Q

Logical guess about how an event takes place

A

Hypothesis

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10
Q

The factor manipulated by the investigator

A

Independent variable

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11
Q

The observed factor in an experience

A

Dependent variable

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12
Q

Each subject acts as both experimental subject and control in different parts of the experiment

A

Crossover study

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13
Q

A taken inactive substance

A

Placebo (placebo effect)

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14
Q

Subjects do not know whether they are receiving the experimental treatment or a placebo

A

Blind study

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15
Q

Combines data from many studies to look for trends

A

Meta-analysis

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16
Q

Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

Atoms

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17
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of one atom

A

Atomic number

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18
Q

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

A

Atomic mass

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19
Q

Atoms having different number of neutrons in the nucleus

A

Isotopes

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20
Q

Radioactive isotopes emit ___

A

Radiation

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21
Q

Electrons around an atom are arranged in energy levels called ___

A

Shells

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22
Q

Two or more molecules link together to form a

A

Molecule

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23
Q

Molecules that include atoms of more than one element are called ____

A

Compounds

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24
Q

Strong bonds formed with adjacent atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent bonds

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25
Q

Molecules whose atoms share electrons unevenly are called ____

A

Polar molecules

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26
Q

Electrons are shared evenly by the atoms in a molecule

A

Non-polar molecules

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27
Q

An atom that gains or loses electrons acquires an electrical charge and is called a ____

A

Ion

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28
Q

Strong bonds formed when oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other

A

Ionic bonds

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29
Q

Form when hydrogen atoms in polar molecules are attracted to O, N, or F

A

Hydrogen bonds

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30
Q

Hydrogen bonding among water molecules is responsible for

A

Surface tension

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31
Q

Weak bonds that form when atoms are attracted to each other

A

Van der Waals forces

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32
Q

Four biomolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides

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33
Q

Carbs are found as __

A

Mono, di, or polysaccharides

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34
Q

Store energy and serve as structural components of cells

A

Glucose polymers

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35
Q

Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms few few O atoms. Non polar

A

Lipids

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36
Q

Long chains of C-H

A

Fatty acids

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37
Q

Composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

A

Triglycerides

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38
Q

Most versatile biomolecule because of the 20 different amino acids that build them

A

Proteins

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39
Q

Four structures and meanings of a protein

A

Primary - sequence of amino acids
Secondary - spatial arrangement into either helixes or sheets
Tertiary - 3D shape of folded amino acid chains
Quaternary - multiple amino acid chains in a single protein

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40
Q

Soluble proteins in water. Act as carriers, messengers, defense molecules, and enzymes.

A

Globular proteins

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41
Q

Not soluble in water. Structural proteins

A

Fibrous proteins

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42
Q

Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates combine to form ____

A

Glycoproteins, glycolipids, and lipoproteins

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43
Q

Composed of one or more phosphate groups, a sugar, and either a purine or a pyrimidine nitrogenous base

A

Nucleotide

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44
Q

Nucleotide polymers

A

Nucleic acids

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45
Q

Molecules that dissolve in liquids

A

Solutes

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46
Q

The liquid in which they dissolve

A

Solvent

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47
Q

The ease with which a molecule dissolves in a solvent is called ___

A

Solubility

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48
Q

Dissolve easily in water, and if not…

A

Hydrophilic, hydrophobic

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49
Q

The amount of solute per unit of volume of solution

A

Concentration

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50
Q

One mole of solute per liter of solution

A

Molar

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51
Q

6.02x10^23 particles of an element or compound

A

Mole

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52
Q

Moles/volume

A

Molarity

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53
Q

Measures the hydrogen ion concentration

A

pH

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54
Q

Contribute H+ to a solution

A

Acids

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55
Q

Remove H+ to a solution

A

Bases

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56
Q

Solutions that moderate pH changes

A

Buffers

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57
Q

Bind to proteins at a binding site

A

Ligands

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58
Q

Says the shape of the ligand and binding site do not have to match exactly

A

Induce fit model

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59
Q

The attraction of a protein to its ligand is called the proteins ____

A

Affinity

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60
Q

A quantitative measure of a protein’s affinity for a given ligand

A

Dissociation constant

61
Q

Competing ligands

A

Agonists

62
Q

Closely relation proteins having similar function but different affinities for ligands

A

Isoforms

63
Q

Proteins must be activated, or deactivated by ____

A

Cofactors

64
Q

Can be displaced form the binding site but irreversible antagonists cannot

A

Competitive inhibitors

65
Q

Bind to proteins at a location other than the binding site

A

Allosteric modulators

66
Q

Bind with the covalent bonds

A

Covalent modulators

67
Q

What will denature proteins?

A

Extremes in temp or pH

68
Q

Functional unit of most living organisms

A

Cell

69
Q

The ____ of some hollow organs are part of the body’s external environment

A

Lumens

70
Q

Two components to extracellular fluid (outside the cell)

A

Interstitial fluid bathing the cells and the plasma, the fluid portion of the blood

71
Q

Acts as a barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids, provides structural support, and regulated exchange and communication between a cell and its outside environment

A

Cell membrane

72
Q

The ____ of a biological membrane shows it as a ____ with proteins inserted into the biolayer

A

Fluid mosaic model, phospholipid bilayer

73
Q

Right bound proteins to the phospholipid bilayer

A

Integral proteins

74
Q

Proteins less tightly bound to either side of the membrane

A

Peripheral and lipid anchored proteins

75
Q

Cytoplasm consists of what?

A

Cytosol with dissolved nutrients, ions, and waste products

76
Q

Two structures suspended in the cytoplasm

A

Inclusions (no enclosed membranes) and organelles (enclosed membranes)

77
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

78
Q

Protein degradation

A

Proteasomes

79
Q

Three insoluble protein fibers

A

Actin (microfilaments)
Intermediate fibers
Microtubules

80
Q

Microtubule organizing center of the cell

A

Centrosomes

81
Q

Microtubules form ____

A

Centrioles, cilia, and flagella

82
Q

Aid the movement of chromosomes during cell division

A

Centrioles

83
Q

Move fluid or secretion across the cell surface

A

Cilia

84
Q

Propel sperm through body fluids

A

Flagella

85
Q

Provides strength, support, and internal organization; aids transport of material within the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

86
Q

Motor proteins that assocaite with cytoskeleton fibers that aid in movement

A

Myosins
Kinesins
Dyneins

87
Q

Generate the cells ATP

A

Mitochondria

88
Q

Primary site of lipid synthesis

A

SER

89
Q

Site of protein synthesis

A

RER

90
Q

Packages protiens into vesicles

A

Golgi complex

91
Q

Release their contents into the extraceullar fluid

A

Secretory vesicles

92
Q

Storage vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

A

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

93
Q

Contains DNA

A

Nucleus

94
Q

The DNA in the nucleus

A

Chromatin

95
Q

The double membrane ______ surrounding the nucleus has _____ that allow controlled chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol

A

Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex

96
Q

Nuclear areas that control the synthesis of RNA for ribosomes

A

Nucleoli

97
Q

Four primary tissue types in humans

A

Epithelial
COnnective
Neural
Skeletal

98
Q

Provides support and a means of cell comunication

A

Extracellular matriex

99
Q

Allow chemical and electrical to pass directly from cell to cell

A

Gap junctions

100
Q

Restrict the movement of materials between cells

A

Tight junections

101
Q

Hold cells to each other or to the extracellular matrix

A

Anchoring junctions

102
Q

Essential in cell adhesion and in anchoring junctions

A

Cell adhesion molecules

103
Q

Anchor cells to each other

A

Desmosomes and adherens junctions

104
Q

Protect the internal environment, regulate the exchange of material, manufacture and secrete chemicals

A

Epithelial tissues

105
Q

Release their secretions into the external enviomrent thorugh ducts

A

Exocrine glands

106
Q

Ductless glands that release hormones

A

Endocrine glands

107
Q

Extensive extracellular matrix that provides structural support and forms a physical barrier

A

Connective tissue

108
Q

Elastic tissues that underlie the skin

A

Loose CT

109
Q

Includes tendons and ligaments, have strength or flexibility because they are made of collagen

A

Dense CT

110
Q

Stores fat

A

Adipose fat

111
Q

Connective tissue with matrix

A

Blood

112
Q

No blood supply. Solid and fliexble

A

Cartilage

113
Q

The fibrous matrix of bone is hardened by deposits of __

A

Calcium salts

114
Q

Has the ability to contract and produce force and movement

A

Muscle tissue

115
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

116
Q

Uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit info from one part of the body to another

A

Neural tissues containing neurons

117
Q

Neurons support cells called ___

A

Glial cells

118
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

119
Q

Cells that are able to reproduce themselves and differentiate into specialized cells

A

Stem cells

120
Q

Formed by groups of tissues

A

Organs

121
Q

Capacity to do work

A

Energy

122
Q

Energy of motion

A

Kinetic energy

123
Q

Stored energy

A

Potential energy

124
Q

Is measured as the change in concentration of products with time

A

Reaction rate

125
Q

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule and available to perform work

A

Free energy

126
Q

The initial input of energy required to begin a reaction

A

Activation energy

127
Q

Energy producing

Energy utilizing

A

Exergonic reactions

Endergonic reaction

128
Q

A reaction that can proceed in both directions

A

Reversible reaction

129
Q

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being changed

A

Enzymes

130
Q

In reactions catalyzed by enzymes, the reactants are called ___

A

Substrates

131
Q

Organic cofactors

A

Coenzymes

132
Q

Reversible rates try to reach a state of ___

A

Equilibrium

133
Q

When a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of substrates to products is always the same

A

Law of mass action

134
Q

All the chemical reactions in the body are collectively known as ____

A

Metabolism

135
Q

Release energy and break down large biomolecules

A

Catabloic reactions

136
Q

Require a net input of energy and synthesize large biomolecules

A

Anabolic reactions

137
Q

Require O and produces the most ATP

A

Aerobic pathways

138
Q

Can proceed without O, but produces smaller ATP

A

Anaerobic pathways

139
Q

One molecule of glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, two NADH, and two H+

A

Glycolysis

140
Q

Pyruvate is converted into lactate, with a net yeild of 2 ATP

A

Anaerobic metabolism

141
Q

Yields ATP, CO2, and high energy electrons captured by NADH and FADH2

A

Aerobic metabolism of pyruvate through the citric acid cycle

142
Q

High energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 give up their energy as they pass through the

A

ETC

143
Q

Lipids are broken down for ATP production in this process

A

Beta oxidation

144
Q

Amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

145
Q

Protein synthesis is controlled by nuclear ___ made of DNA

A

Genes

146
Q

The code represented by the base sequence in a gene is transcribed into a complementary base code on __

A

RNA

147
Q

Allows one gene to code form multiple proteins

A

Alternative splicing

148
Q

mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytosol where it assembles amino acids with the help of these molecules

A

tRNA and rRNA

149
Q

Converts the newly synthesized proteins to its finished form

A

Post-translational modificiation

Physio Lecture (4 decks)

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