chapters 1-4 Flashcards
1
Q
psychology
A
The scientific study of an individuals mind and behaviour
2
Q
behaviour
A
observable actions of humans and animals
- things we do by ourselves or with others
- how an organism adjusts to its enviroment
3
Q
goals of psychology
A
1, describe 2, explain 3, predict 4, control ( stimulate, maintain, eliminate, and improve behaviour)
4
Q
psyche
A
mind or thought ( thinking, planning, reasoning, creating, dreaming)
5
Q
psychology benefits society and enhances our lives
A
psychologists apply their theories to understand and improvve the world around us
6
Q
basic research
A
knowledge for its own sake
7
Q
applied research
A
solutions to practical problems
8
Q
what is not psychology but is related
A
sociology, folk psychology, parapsychology.
9
Q
hospital psychologists
A
clinical psychologists, counselling, and health
10
Q
clinical psychologists
A
help diagnose and treat mental problems or disorders,
11
Q
counselling psychologists
A
deal with common crisis’s such as divorce
12
Q
health psychologists
A
prevent, treat, and rehabilitate psychological and socail factors resulting in physical illnesses
13
Q
school psychologists
A
educational psychologists and school psychologists
14
Q
educational psychologists
A
give guidance to students, teachers, and parents
15
Q
school psychologists
A
deal with common crisis’s or mental problems of students and teachers
16
Q
acedemy psychologists
A
cognitive/experimental psychology, developmental psychology, and biological psychology, social psychology, cultural, sports, personality, and comparative psychology
17
Q
cogntivie/experimental psychology
A
do lab experiments on basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, language, problem solving ,
18
Q
developmental psychology
A
study the change in psychological processes over the life span
19
Q
biological psychology
A
studies the relationship between the nervous system and behavior/ thought
20
Q
personality psychology
A
study what makes people unique
21
Q
social psychology
A
studies how individuals influence and are influenced by others
22
Q
cultural psychology
A
study how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their followers
23
Q
sports psychology
A
study the psychological factors affecting sports performance
24
Q
comparative psychology
A
study the behavior of animals
25
field psychologist
industrial, organizational, forensic psychology
26
industrial psychology
selects and evaluates employees/workers
27
organizational psychologists
studies the work environments and management styles . helps promote production and satisfaction
28
forensic psychology
studies child abuse, and legal and mental evaluations for defendants
29
Plato
was involved in platomic academy. invented the theory of nativism
30
Aristotle
invented the theory of empiricism
31
Nativism
the knowledge and skills are innate or hardwired into the brain at birth
32
Rationalism
the human body is something that can be understood scientifically. ( body and mind are different things)
33
empiricism
the blank slate theory; the brain begins as a blank slate and all knowledge is acquired through experiences
34
wilhiem wundt
- opened the first psychology lab(1867)
| - came up with the theory of structuralism with Titchener
35
structuralism
the subject of matter of psychology is the consciousness (assumed that consciousness could be broken down into basic elements)
- used introspection and reaction time
36
functionalism
(james) -focuses on the adaptive purpose and function of human behavior
- learned by doing rather than listening or memorizing
37
sigmund freud
broadened study and treatment of psychological disorders
38
psychodynamics
dynamic processes such as interactions between ID, ego, or superego
39
Libido
drive, instinct energy, or force in ID
40
Psychological disorders
- unfulfilled wishes
- childhood traumas
- disguised affects of libido
41
psychopathology
brings the unconsciousness into consciousness
42
behaviorism
```
(john b watson)
- based on observable behaviors
(bf skinner)
- behavior controlled by environment
-control the environment and then you can control the behavior
```
43
Albert bandura
merged the cognitive and behavioral perspectives into cognitive behaviorism
44
cognitive behaviorism
- human beings are thinking creatures
- people do not just react to enviroment
- learned new behaviors through observations
45
Two way
we're influenced by our enviroment and we influence the enviroment
46
behavior therepy
based on the principles of operant conditioning
- positive reinforcement (rewards)
- punishment and extinction
47
cognitive behavior therapy
emphasizes that both the experiences and the environment influence behavior
48
cognitivism
(jean Piaget) -child develpment
- information processing
- language acquisiton
49
gestalt psychology
(how we make sense of the world around us)
- we perceive the unified whole rather than the sum of its parts
- the mind is studied in terms of a larger meaningful units instead of small units of structuralism
50
cognitive neuropsychology
uses electrical recordings and brain imaging to directly assess neural activities while participants complete cognitive tasks
51
humanistic perspective
- emphasizes individual capacities for choice and growth
- studies individuals subjective experiences
- offers a more optimistic view of human beings
52
person centered therepy
facilitates self-actualization towards growth
- genuineness
- empathy
- reflection of feelings
- positive regard
53
socio-cultural perspective
thinks beyond the individual, emphases the interpersonal factors and the broader context of human interaction
54
culture
the values, traditions, and beliefs that are shared by a group of people (ex. Individualism(american culture) Vs. Collectivism (Asian culture))
55
Phrenology
human mind has a set of various mental faculties, each one represent in a different area of the brain
56
biological perspectives
emphasizes how biological factors influence behavioural studies
- genetics
- brain structures/function
- bio chemical processes
57
evolutionary psychology
- emphasizes the affect of evolution on behavior today
- natural selection is the ultimate goal of reproduction
- adaptation is inherited solutions to ancestral problems
- seeks for evidence rather than experimenting
58
mating strategies theory
-reproduction pressure (leave behind as many offspring as possible)
- cost of pregnancy and parenting
females: will choose older mate with better resources, status,and production
Males: will choose younger females that are more physically well developed so they are in prime breeding condition
59
selective breeding
- influence genetic traits
| - does not influence environmental dependent traits
60
conducting research in psychology
- develop a hypothesis
- gather objective data
- analyze the results
- publishing, criticizing and replicating the results
61
variable
any characteristic that can vary ( stress, weight, reaction time)
62
operational
defines a variable in terms of specific procedures used to produce or measure
63
hypothesis
must be tentative and testable
64
science
falsifiable and peer reviewed, replicated, and empirical
65
pseudoscience
not open to criticism, relies on testimony, doesn't rule out alternative explanations
66
reliable
= consistent
67
internal validity
the degree to which results support clear causal conclusions
68
external validity
the degree to which the results are generalizable to other situations (random sampling)
69
nativism
knowledge is innate
70
humanism
study individuals subjective experiences
71
scientific theories are
a set of related assumptions that guide and explain observations and allow testable predictions to be made
72
one advantage of behavioral measures compared to self reporting measures is that they:
are less prone to social desirability bias
73
if two scores have the same mean they must have:
similar variabilities, same variabilities, or must have different variabilities
74
things that should be provided before an experiment
the duration of the experiment, potential risks or benefits, and that you can withdrawal your data at any time
75
purpose of research:
description, correlation, prediction
76
types of methods
observation, case study, interview/survey, experimental
77
measures of DVs
psychological(self report), behavioral, physiological
78
descriptive research
describing the behavior in a natural setting
79
correlation studies
relationship between/ among variables
| -uses measurements, instead of manipulation
80
experimental studies
cause and effect relationships
| -manipualting x causes changes with y
81
case study
examines one individual group in depth, suggests directions for further study, challenges the validity of a theory, shows what could happen, but could be misleading
82
interview study
examines many cases in less depth, does individual questionaires, group interview, random sampling, and couple studies
83
naturalistic observation
describes behavior rather than explain it, unobtrusive observation, systematical analysis, but lacks control
84
pros of lab/controlled observations
factors are controlled that may interfere with the to be observed behavior
85
cons of lab/controlled observations
the subjects were have a different performance since they are not in theri natural environment and know they are being observed/ studied
86
measures dependent variables
- self reporting
- physiological
- behavioural measures
87
confounding variables
- placebo effect
| - expectancy effect
88
self reporting
a self report that measures fixed alternatives, and open ended questions
89
bahavioral measures
systematic observations and lab tests
90
physiological measures
equipment records (lie detector, etc)
91
placebo effect
an "effective" medication will lead to effective results
92
mean
the center of a data set
93
varability
the spread of a
| data set
94
median
middle score
95
mode
most often occurring value
96
pros of variance
reflects the average variability of individual values
| • less sensitive to outliers
97
cons of variance
reported in squared units does not reflect the actual
| distance
98
standard deviation
The square root of the variance
99
positive correlation
Variables change in same direction
100
negative correlation
Variables change in opposite directions
101
ethical issues in research
- Informed Consent
- Risk/Gain Assessment
- Intentional Deception
- Debriefing
102
psychologists must do this:
- Protect and promote the welfare of participants.
-. Avoid doing harm to participants.
- Not carry out any studies unless the probable
benefit is proportionately greater than the risk.
-. Ensure privacy and confidentiality.
