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HSCI: Mental Health > Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Although mental disorders is 4th in the causes of disability worldwide, WHO did not identify it within the WHO millennium development goals, why not?

A
  1. ?
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2
Q

What is the issue with the health care systems for mental health and physical health?

A

They are constantly competing for scarce resources.

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3
Q

What should policies surrounding mental health address?

A

Advocacy (for patients), promotion, prevention,treatment, and rehabilitation

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4
Q

What 5 things should a mental health policy be influenced by and keep in mind?

A
  • ideas of mental health and illness
  • social context
  • treatments available
  • service structures
  • resources (funds)
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5
Q

What is the first step to policy development?

A

Identify the problems!

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6
Q

What are the steps in the process of developing a policy?

A
  1. Formulation of the proposed solution (what does this mean exactly?)
  2. Following the political process: evaluation of cost, power dynamics, evaluation of potential impact, ideological interests, financial interests
  3. Legislation: determines principles and objectives of the policy, may or may not fund the initiative&raquo_space; unfunded mandates are useless policy

Recap: Formulation, political process, legislation

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7
Q

What are the necessary processes for development of health policies as determined by WHO?

A
  1. Engagement of ministry of health
  2. Strategic timing during periods of opportunity
  3. Plan to share united vision, attract foreign donations, controlling decision making
  4. Strategic planning for ongoing programme support
  5. Development of stakeholder groups and organizing service users

RECAP: talk to health ministry, good timing, plan for united mssg, foreign loot and control, plan for ongoing programmes, development of stakeholders and organizing users

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8
Q

What are the 4 main groups a policy needs to make happy?

A
  • consumers
  • families
  • community
  • tax payers
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9
Q

Why is it not possible to have mental health practitioners as primary healthcare providers?

A

Physical health care providers tend to spend little time on each patient, where as a mental health provider would have to be able to spend more time and get to know his patients much better

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10
Q

What is the history of mental health in Canada like?

A
  1. Britian passes the country asylum act
  2. Ontario created criteria for who could be commited
  3. Involuntary admission allowed if 2 physicians agreed
  4. Reduced the grounds of involuntary admission
  5. Safety was defined as “likelihood of serious bodily harm to self, others or serious impairment due to lack of competence to care for self” (late 70s)
  6. Legal aid must be provided (late 80s)
  7. Period of involuntary admission reduced from 5 to 3 days
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11
Q

Which 5 people can refer a person for involuntary admission?

A
  • Physician
  • Judge
  • Family member
  • Community mental health worker
  • Police officer
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12
Q

What are the requirements of the charter with respect to involuntary admission?

A
  • Person must be advised of the reasons for detention
  • Given immediate access to legal counsel
  • Have validity of the detention reviewed and determined
  • if a patient says the are willing to be admitted they can not be involuntarily detained
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13
Q

What are patient rights when it comes to psychiatric treatment?

A

Untill the 1960s everywhere in Canada patients had not right to refuse treatment. Now everywhere except for BC they have the right to refuse medication even under involuntary admission

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14
Q

Why did WHO say that there is not just one definition of mental health?

A

Because there are cultural differences and competing

Professional opinions

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15
Q

How does the WHO define mental health?

A

A state of emotional and psychological well being in which an individual can use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities to function in society and normal everyday life

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16
Q

What capabilities did the Canadian senate report as being essential to good mental health?

A
  • Understand oneself and one’s life
  • Relate to other people
  • respond to one’s environment
  • experience enjoyment and pleasure
  • handle stress and withstand discomfort
  • evaluate challenges and problems
  • pursue goals and interests
  • explore choices and decisions
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17
Q

What did the Canadian senate note good mental health was associated with?

A
  • positive self esteem
  • happiness
  • interest in life
  • work satisfaction
  • mastery and sense of coherence
  • realizing potential
  • ability to contribute to society
  • good physical health
    So strongly correlated with quality of life
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18
Q

What does the mental status examination consist of?

A
  • Observations
  • structured questions
  • tests of concentration, memory, and other mental function
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19
Q

Define the “mind” and explain how it’s different from the “brain”

A

The mind is a a set of functions and experiences that come from brain activity and environment

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20
Q

What 4 aspects are said to affect mental health?

A

Biology, Family and childhood, Culture, Politics and Economy

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21
Q

Why might defining depression as “a chemical imbalance in the brain” and inept, or problematic definition?

A

It’s too much of a simplification, it doesn’t represent the overall causes effectively

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22
Q

Define “prevalence.”

A

The proportion of individuals in a population that have a certain health condition

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23
Q

Explain the difference between point prevalence and one-year prevalence?

A

Point prevalence is the prevalence in a population at a given point in time, where as one-year prevalence is the prevalence in a population over the period of a year

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24
Q

Define “incidence.”

A

The proportion of people that who have new cases of a certain illness

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25
Q

What does YLD stand for?

A

Years lived with disability

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26
Q

How is YLD estimated?

A

Multiply the number of incident cases of a certain illness in a certain population by the average duration of the condition and a factor that represents the average degree of disability caused by the condition

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27
Q

What is the measure YLL?

A

A measure of the number of years of life lost in a population because of premature death

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28
Q

How is YLL calculated?

A

Multiply the years of death with the estimated number of years of life lost to premature death

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29
Q

What does DALY?

A

Disability adjusted life years

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30
Q

How are DALY calculated?

A

YLD is added to YLL (years lived with disablility + years of life lost)

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31
Q

What are DALY’s used for?

A

Often used to understand the burden of disease

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32
Q

What are the 3 elements of consent?

A
  • Must have the capacity to consent
  • Consent must be informed
  • Consent must be voluntary (not cajoled)
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33
Q

What 4 main things does the hypothalamus control?

A

Fight, flight, mating, and feeding

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34
Q

What is the reticular formation in the brain’s midbrain/brain stem, responsible for?

A

Wakefulness, sleep and arousal

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35
Q

What types of drugs decrease alertness?

A

Alcohol, opiates, sedatives

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36
Q

What are different types of sensory impute?

A

Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

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37
Q

What is proprioceptive sensory imput?

A

Sensory impute that comes from the joints

38
Q

Where is the motor cortex in the brain? What is its function?

A

The motor cortex is located in the cerebral hemispheres. The purpose of the motor cortex is to send impulses to the muscles.

39
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

It collects and interprets information about balance and coordination

40
Q

What important role does the limbic system provide?

A

The limbic system is important to the control of emotion and mood

41
Q

What 3 structures protect the brain from damage?

A

Skull, meninges, and cerebral fluid

42
Q

What are the 3 places that hormones located?

A

The pituitary gland, the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, pancreas, and ovaries and testes

43
Q

How did Adler define the inferiority complex?

A

How certain societal structures may cause an individual to feel powerless

44
Q

What was the collective unconsciousness that Jung refers to?

A

A shared deep level of our mind

45
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A

When a certain behaviour or an increase of decrease in that behaviour is rewarded or punished

46
Q

What are the 8 stages of Erickson’s development?

A

Oral-Sensory, Muscular-anal, locomotor, latency, adolescence, young adult, middle adulthood, maturity.

47
Q

What 2 paths are possible during the Erikson stage Oral-Sensory development?

A

An overarching idea that the world is good and gain a basic sense of trust OR gain a basic mistrust

48
Q

What are the 2 paths that can take place during the Erikson development stage of Muscular-Anal?

A

Gain autonomy and a sense of “me do” or have an overall feeling of shame/doubt when trying new things

49
Q

What are the 2 paths that can take place during the Erikson development stage of “Locomotor” ?

A

Child can begin to take more initiative or have a sense of guilt when going against what the parents want

50
Q

What are the 2 paths that can take place during the Erikson development phase of “latency” ?

A

The child can either meet the new challenges and gain a sense of accomplishment OR can have a sense of incompetence

51
Q

What are the 2 paths that occur during the Erikson development stage of “adolescence?”

A

Can either develop a sense of identity or will have role confusion

52
Q

What 2 paths can take shape during Erikson development theory of “young adulthood?”

A

Either find a meaningful relationship or face a sense of isolation

53
Q

What are the 2 paths that can take place during the Erickson development theory of “adulthood?”

A

Either they find a way to give back to the next generation or feel useless

54
Q

What are the 2 phases that can occur during the Erickson development theory of “maturity?”

A

Either have a sense of being fulfilled and satisfied or be alone and sad

55
Q

Where did labelling theory come from?

A

Sociology and criminology

56
Q

What is an organic mental disorder?

A

Mental disorders that are caused by disturbance of brain function or damage of structure

57
Q

What is the opposite of a organic mental disorder?

A

A functional mental disorder

58
Q

What is a concurrent disability?

A

When someone with a substance abuse disorder also has an other mental disorder

59
Q

Define mental retardation?

A

A condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind

60
Q

What phrase is now used instead of mental retardation?

A

Development disability

61
Q

How does ethanol go from the stomach and small intestine to the brain and cause all the effects we associate with alcohol?

A

The alcohol diffuses from the stomach and small intestine directly into the blood stream, then because the ethanol mol is so small it is able to by pass the blood brain barrier. They reach the brain cells and interfere with neurotransmitters by suppressing excitatory nerve pathways and increasing the inhibitory nerve pathways.

62
Q

What factors distinguish individuals with a substance abuse problem?

A

When they have a pattern of behaviour that includes the ongoing use of substances that cause them physical or mental harm

63
Q

What is dependance?

A

When after a certain amount of time of ongoing use a person feels unable to cope without a substance because of physiological changes that have taken place

64
Q

What does it mean to have a tolerance to a certain drug?

A

Cell functions accommodate to the presence of the drug and so now the body will need higher levels of the drug in order to feel the same effects that it once did

65
Q

What is withdrawal?

A

When a drug the body has become dependant to becomes unavailable the body might not be able to function normally

66
Q

What natural neurotransmitters does cocaine alter the levels of?

A

Dopamine and Seratonin

67
Q

What are the effects of cocaine in high doses?

A

Paranoia and psychosis

68
Q

What is a serious consequence of long term meth use?

A

Causes physical damage to the brain that is irreversible

69
Q

What is the significant risk when using MDMA?

A

Intense hypothermia due to increase in body temp

70
Q

Heroin, meth, and codeine all fall under what category of drugs?

A

Opiods

71
Q

What are the 2 organic mental disorders we looked at and what do they consist of?

A
  1. Delirium: When there is a disturbance in brain function that causes disturbed consciousness, memory loss, confusion, memory loss, and distorted perception
  2. Dementia: It’s progressive and degenerative, neurons are lost in the cerebral cortex, often linked with alzheimer’s
72
Q

The second type of mental illness is mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substances. What is the cause? What is the result of major use? How is it linked to other mental illness?

A

The cause is the psychoactive substance being taken. The result of being used often is a disturbance in cognition, emotion, level of consciousness, and other mental abilities. Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substances are often concurrent with other mental illnesses

73
Q

What are the symptoms of functional mental disorders? Are most mental disorders functional or organic?

A

There is no actual disturbance of brain function or physical structure. Most mental disorders are functional

74
Q

When do symptoms of Schizophrenic disorders usually manifest? What are some of the common delusions associated with schizophrenia?

A

Adolescence and early adulthood. Paranoid delusions, grandiose delusions, sensory hallucinations, religious delusions.

75
Q

What are the differences and similarities of Schizotypal disorders? What is the defining characteristic of Schizotypal disorders?

A

The symptoms are very similar including delusions but the symptoms are usually much more mild. Characteristic is the delusions.

76
Q

What are 2 types of mood disorders and what are the diagnostic symptoms of each?

A
  1. Major depressive disorder: Lasts 2 weeks +, and 4 additional symptoms of depression (excess/less eating, sleeping, decrease in enjoyment of past hobbies etc)
  2. Bipolar disorder: (also called manic depressive disorder) substantial increases in mood/depression
77
Q

What are the 3 sections of “neurotic, stress related, and somatoform disorders?

A

Anxiety disorder: Includes OCD, genralized anxiety, panic disorder, phobic anxiety

Stress reactions and adjustment disorders: PTSD

Somatoform disorders: physical symptoms with repeated physician help requested but with only negative findings

78
Q

What are the 4 types of behavioural syndromes associated with Physiological disturbances and physical factors?

A
  1. Eating disorders
  2. Sleep disorders not caused by organic reasons
  3. Sexual dysfunction not caused by organic illness
  4. Mental disorders caused by puerperium
79
Q

How are disorders of adult personality and behaviour defined, and what are some different disorders that fall under this category?

A

An individual who has inner experiences and behaviours that deviate extremely from the expectations of society. Examples of disorders that fall under this category include anti-social personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, habit and impulse disorders such as kleptomania, pyromania, and gambling addiction, gender identity disorders, fetishism disorders

80
Q

What is the difference between “mental retardation/developmental disability” vs. Disorders of physiological development?

A

The difference is there isn’t a global developmental disability, only one or a few aspect will be affected, IQ is generally uninhibited

81
Q

What are the different behavioural and emotional disorders with onset in childhood?

A

ADD, ADHD, Conduct disorder, Tic disorder and separation anxiety

82
Q

What is the final category for mental health (the 13th), why is it little mentioned?

A

The 13th category is unspecified mental disorder, the reason it’s rarely used is that its not really helpful, or detailed at all, a “cop out.”

83
Q

What does presenteeism look like? What are the results of this?

A
  • employee shows up, and carries out basic duties
  • but she/he is slow, has poor concentration, reduced judgement, lower problem solving skill
  • This means decreased productivity, increase in work place accidents, increased errors and difficult to manage
84
Q

What is absenteeism? And what are the results?

A

Employee takes many sick days, absent for short periods of time.

This results in lowered productivity, and increased difficulty to manage

85
Q

What is poor attitude? What are the results of it?

A
  • employee has loss of motivation, demoralized, exhausted; ie. burnout
  • This can result in major productivity loss especially if the employee is highly skilled, and highly experienced&raquo_space; for example many doctors experience this
86
Q

What is “Conflict with Co-workers or supervisors”?

A

It’s when an employee has high amounts of unresolved conflict with another member creating a toxic enviroment

87
Q

Define discrimination.

A

The making of unjustified discriminations among people on the basis of forbidden grounds such as race,religion,sex,sexuality, skin colour, ethnicity and sometimes age

88
Q

Define microagressions.

A

Everyday minor incidents and slights

89
Q

Define prejudicial attitudes.

A

Unreasonable attitudes that are resistant to rational influence

90
Q

Define Stigma

A

A mark or sign of disgrace, infamy, or reproach when a person is identified by label that sets the person apart or links them to an undesirable stereotype.

91
Q

Define workplace psychological risk factors?

A

Workplace characteristics that are shown to increase the probability of that employees will develop mental illness

HSCI: Mental Health (1 decks)

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