chapters 1-5 (midterm 1)

Question 1

________ is the view that all natural processes can be understood in terms of machines

Answer 1

mechanism

Question 2

_______ assumes all natural processes can be explained by laws of physics and chemistry

Answer 2

mechanism

Question 3

_____ proposed that matter was made up of discrete atoms that affect one another by direct contact
thus, every physical effect (atom in motion) follows from a _____ cause (motion of atom that strikes it)

Answer 3

Galileo

direct

Question 4

_______ is the belief that everything that occurs happens because of certain causes

Answer 4

determinism

Question 5

________ is when we explain an event in one domain in terms of a principle of another domain

Answer 5

Reductionism

Question 6

______ is the doctrine that considers the facts of the universe in physical terms

Answer 6

materialism

Question 7

________ believes science should recognize facts that are based on objective observations

Answer 7

positivism

Question 8

_____ considered people as machine, rather than just the universe as a machine

Answer 8

Descartes

Question 9

________ uses the computer as a metaphor for the functioning of the human mind (both receive and process large amount of information)

Answer 9

cognitive psychology

Question 10

_____ considers two aspects to human, one physical and one mental

Answer 10

dualism

Question 11

_____ actions all involve objects in the physical world

Answer 11

involuntary

Question 12

______ actions are initiated by the mind, and according to descartes, only humans possess this extra pathway

the _________ are believed to be the part of the mind responsible for this

Answer 12

voluntary

Pineal glands

Question 13

___________ suggest that since much of our behaviour is as mindless as the behaviour of a stone, it can be considered subject to the same laws that govern a stones behaviour

Answer 13

mechanistic laws

Question 14

______ arise directly from application of external stimulus

Answer 14

derived ideas

Question 15

the sound of a bell or sight of a tree are considered to be ______ ideas

Answer 15

derived

Question 16

______ do not arise directly from application of external stimulus, and instead develop out of the mind’s consciousness

Answer 16

innate ideas

Question 17

the belief in god or perception of self are considered to be _____ ideas

Answer 17

innate

Question 18

the ______ view was unidirectional (the mind influences the body and not the other way around) and believed the mind was responsible for many functions

Answer 18

accepted

Question 19

whereas _____ view was bi-directional (mind influences the body and the body influences the mind) and believed the mind is responsible only for thought, and that the body is a machine.

Answer 19

descartes

Question 20

the ______ theory states back to Aristotle who believed that all organisms had ________, which allowed them to _____ and ______

Answer 20

accepted
vegetative souls
nourish
reproduce

Question 21

according to aristotle, animals had ____ souls and humans possessed _____ souls that contain conscious reasoning and higher values

Answer 21

sensitive

rational

Question 22

according to Descartes, most basic ideas are ______ of sensory experience (ex: God, self, perfection)

Answer 22

independent

Question 23

according to Locke, ALL ideas are _____ on sensory experience

Answer 23

dependent

Question 24

an ________ is a mental image that occupies consciousness and can be employed while thinking

Answer 24

idea

Question 25

the two experiences that give rise to ideas are _____ and ______

Answer 25

sensations | reflections

Question 26

the two kinds of ideas are _____ and ______

Answer 26

simple ideas | complex ideas

Question 27

______ ideas arise from both sensation and reflection | - they are elemental; received passively by the mind

Answer 27

simple

Question 28

_____ ideas are a combination f simple ideas resulting from further experience

Answer 28

complex

Question 29

For Locke, ______ exists in the object whether or not we perceive it (ex: solidity, extension, figure, mobility)

Answer 29

primary quality

Question 30

For Locke, _____ exists only in our perception of an object | ex: color, odor, sound, tase

Answer 30

secondary quality

Question 31

_______ refers to the techniques and principles of conducting historical research

Answer 31

Historiography

Question 32

______ : prevailing intellectual climate .....

Answer 32

Zeitgeist

Question 33

_______ theory states that historical change is due to great persons

Answer 33

personalistic

Question 34

_______ theory states that historical change is due to Zeitgeist

Answer 34

Naturalistic

Question 35

_______ believes that living things are best understood in terms of machines

Answer 35

mechanism

Question 36

_______ believes that all acts are caused

Answer 36

determinism

Question 37

______ states that events on one level are explained in terms of events on another level

Answer 37

reductionism

Question 38

_______ believes that all knowledge is know due to experience

Answer 38

empiricism (Locke)

Question 39

_________ was the father of modern philosophy, and believed that the solution to the mind-body problem was interactive dualism

Answer 39

rene descartes

Question 40

______ was a british empiricist that argued all ideas come from exprience

Answer 40

john locke

Question 41

______ believes that complex ideas arise from linking simple ideas

Answer 41

associationism

Question 42

_________ was a british empiricist and an early proponent of mentalism

Answer 42

George Berkeley

Question 43

_______ refers to the belief that perception is the only reality

Answer 43

mentalism

Question 44

______ was a british empiricist and was known as the ultimate sceptic

Answer 44

David Hume

Question 45

______ refers to the idea by David Hume that similarity strengthens association between ideas

Answer 45

resemblance

Question 46

_____ refers to the idea by David Hume that proximity in time or space strengthens association between ideas

Answer 46

Contiguity

Question 47

______ refers to the idea by David Hume that frequent pairings strengthen association between two ideas

Answer 47

repetition

Question 48

______ was a british empiricist who, unlike his father, argued that the mind is active in the association of ideas

Answer 48

John Stuart Mill

Question 49

______ was a british empiricist who's work represents the culmination of associationism

Answer 49

James Mill

Question 50

________ refers to the idea proposed by John Stuart Mill that simple ideas combine to form complex ideas with emergent properties; proposed by John Stuart Mill

Answer 50

Mental Chemistry

Question 51

________ states that each sensory nerve produces its own specific sensation; first proposed by Johannes Muller

Answer 51

specific nerve energy

Question 52

________ claims that the shape of one's skull reveals one's personality - this discipline was founded by ________

Answer 52

Phrenology | Franz Gall

Question 53

_________ was a great scientist of the 19th century; his study of human senses advanced experimental approach to psychological issues

Answer 53

Hermann Von Helmholtz

Question 54

_________ was the first to demonstrate systematic relations between physical events and mental events

Answer 54

Ernst Weber

Question 55

_______ refers to the smallest spatial distance at which two points of touch on body produce two distinct sensations

Answer 55

two-point threshold

Question 56

____ refers to the psychological unit designating smallest change in level of stimulus that can be detected

Answer 56

JND (Just Noticeable Difference)

Question 57

______ was the founder of psychophysics

Answer 57

gustav fechner

Question 58

the ______ refers to the smallest change in level of stimulus that can be detected

Answer 58

differential threshold

Question 59

_______ is the scientific study of relations between physical events and mental events

Answer 59

psychophysics

Question 60

_______ is the founder of psychology as an independent science; associated with University of Leipzig

Answer 60

Wilhem Wundt

Question 61

_______ is the school of Wilhelm Wundt based on notion of apperception ...

Answer 61

Voluntarism

Question 62

________ refers to the reflection on one's subjective experience

Answer 62

introspection

Question 63

________ is an active process by which the mind organizes elements of experience to create a wholeness of experience

Answer 63

apperception

Question 64

______ was the first to conduct experimental research on learning and memory

Answer 64

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 65

______ was the founder of act psychology

Answer 65

Franz Brentano

Question 66

______ refers to the school that focuses on mental activity rather than mental content

Answer 66

act psychology

Question 67

_______ refers to the method of introspection that focuses on intact meaningful experience

Answer 67

Phenomenology

Question 68

_______ studied higher mental processes via systematic experimental introspection; founded the Wurzburg school

Answer 68

Oswald Kulpe

Question 69

_________ refers to a method of introspection that uses retrospection about mental experience of performing a task

Answer 69

systematic experimental

Question 70

________ refers to a mental action with no particular referent; proposed by Oswald Kulpe

Answer 70

Imageless Thought

Question 71

________ refers to the school concerned with analyzing consciousness into its component parts

Answer 71

structuralism

Question 72

_______ is the founder of structuralism; associated with Cornell University

Answer 72

Edward Titchener

Question 73

_______ was a student of Edward Titchener and the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology

Answer 73

Margaret Washburn

Question 74

______ refers to the phenomenon of confusing an object itself with one's immediate experience of it

Answer 74

stimulus error