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Chemistry and Our Universe > Chapters 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapters 1-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the proton and when?

A

Ernest Rutherford, 1917-1919.

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2
Q

How did Thomas Young prove the wave nature of light?

A

With the double slit experiment. When light is passed through 2 slits, multiple bands of light result, showing an interference pattern. Particles would produce two clear bands.

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3
Q

What are Thomas Young’s dates?

A

1773-1829

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4
Q

What did Herschel discover about light? When?

A

In 1800, Herschel discovered that a prism also has an invisible band of light beyond the red. Infrared.

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5
Q

What are Empedocles’s approximate dates?

A

490-430 B.C.

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6
Q

What are James Chadwick’s dates?

A

1891-1974.

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7
Q

What are Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit’s dates?

A

1686-1736

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8
Q

Describe Rutherford’s scattering experiment?

A

Projected alpha particles through a thin gold foil and detected them on a strip around the foil. Some particles bounced all the way back, suggesting very dense positively charged nucleus.

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9
Q

What did Hertz’s experiment show about the nature of light? When?

A

In 1887 Hertz demonstrated the photoelectric effect, when light of a certain energy strikes metal, an electric current can be generated. Light transmits energy in packets like particles.

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10
Q

What did Johann Dobereiner note about lithium, sodium, and potassium?

A

That they are all soft metals that react readily with water to form very alkaline solutions. Hence alkali metals.

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11
Q

What are Georges Claude’s dates?

A

1870-1960

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12
Q

What are Isaac Newton’s dates?

A

1642-1727

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13
Q

What are John Dalton’s dates?

A

1766-1844.

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14
Q

What is the de Broglie wavelength of the Earth moving through space at 30,000 meters/second?

A

4x10^-63 meters.

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15
Q

Who is widely considered to be the first philosopher to grapple with the concept of fundamental units of matter?

A

Thales of Miletus.

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16
Q

What are Niels Bohr’s dates?

A

1885-1962.

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17
Q

Who discovered the Electron and when?

A

J.J. Thomson in 1897.

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18
Q

Who discovered the neutron and when?

A

James Chadwick, 1932.

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19
Q

What are the features of the p subshell in an energy level?

A

It is the second subshell, containing 3 orbitals shaped like a dumbbell centered around the nucleus.

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20
Q

What type of light theory did Aristotle favor?

A

That light is a wave, a disturbance in the air.

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21
Q

What are Democritus’s approximate dates?

A

460-370 B.C.

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22
Q

What is the law of multiple proportions?

A

When 2 elements combine to form more than one compound, the weights of one of the elements that combine with a fixed weight of the other are in a ratio of very simple whole numbers.

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23
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Elements with the same number of protons in the nucleus, but different numbers of neutrons.

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24
Q

What notion did Aristotle add to Empedocles’s conception of 4 fundamental elements?

A

That they had specific properties that could be used to organize them. Earth was cold and dry; Fire was Hot and dry, etc.

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25
Q

What is wave-particle duality?

A

The fact that light acts simultaneously like a wave and like a particle.

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26
Q

When were neon lights invented?

A

1913.

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27
Q

What are Antoine Lavoisier’s dates?

A

1743-1794

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28
Q

Who discovered and commercialized neon lighting?

A

Georges Claude

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29
Q

What are Johann Wilhelm Ritter’s dates?

A

1776-1810.

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30
Q

What are Louis de Broglie’s dates?

A

1892-1987.

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31
Q

What are the properties of an electron needed to convey its unique address in the atom?

A

The orbital’s size, shape and orientation, as well as the electron’s spin.

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32
Q

What are Johann Dobereiner’s dates?

A

1780-1849

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33
Q

What is the equation de Broglie derived to describe a particle’s wavelength?

A

lambda = h/p where lambda is wavelength, h is Planck’s constant and p is momentum.

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34
Q

When did Celsius come up with his more systematic temperature scale?

A

1742.

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35
Q

What did Johann Doberiener note about calcium, strontium, and barium?

A

They all combine with oxygen in one-to-one ratios and are commonly found in this state in nature. Hence their classification as alkaline earth metals.

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36
Q

What was wrong with Doberiener’s element classification scheme?

A

He wanted to them to conform to triads, but other elements shared the features of his triads and new elements were discovered such as cesium in 1861 which also added to his supposed triads.

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37
Q

What is the de Broglie wavelength for a high speed electron, one moving 1/50th the speed of light?

A

About 100 picometers. That’s about the width of an atom.

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38
Q

What did J.J. Thomson do with the cathode-ray tube?

A

created isolated beams of pure electrons and measured their mass, velocity and charge. Discovered they were much smaller than atoms.

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39
Q

What are the features of the d subshell in an energy level?

A

It is the third subshell, containing 5 orbitals with complex geometries.

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40
Q

What are the features of the f subshell in an energy level?

A

Its is the fourth subshell, containing 7 orbitals with truly perplexing geometries.

41
Q

What did Fahrenheit probably use as his references?

A

The lowest obtainable freezing temperature of seawater was set to 0 and human temp to 100 (later more exact at 98.6)

42
Q

What type of light theory did Democritus favor?

A

That light is a stream of particles.

43
Q

What is the shape of the orbital?

A

Shape is indicated by the subshells of each energy level. There are as many subshells as the energy level’s number.

44
Q

What are Max Planck’s dates?

A

1858-1947.

45
Q

What was the original definition of an atomic mass unit (amu)?

A

1/16th the mass of a single oxygen atom.

46
Q

What are Heinrich Hertz’s dates?

A

1857-1894

47
Q

What type of light theory did Newton support

A

A “corpuscular” theory, that light is a stream of particles. He believed only particles could be refracted by a prism.

48
Q

What was J.J. Thomson’s conception of the atom?

A

Negatively charged electrons embedded in a low density positively charged spherical matrix. The “Plum pudding” model.

49
Q

According to Bohr what happens to electrons when they absorb energy?

A

They move up energy levels, to an excited, less stable state. When they fall back down they emit a photon of light at a specific wavelength. Hence neon and other gas properties.

50
Q

What is a useful definition of “chemistry.”

A

The study of matter at the scale of atoms and molecules.

51
Q

What did Ritter discover about light? When?

A

In 1801 Ritter discovered another invisible band of light capable of darkening silver salts, outside the blue or violet end of the spectrum. Ultraviolet.

52
Q

What type of light theory did Huygens support?

A

A wave theory of light. Refraction could be explained by waves propagating through different media at different speeds.

53
Q

Why are de Broglie’s wavelengths observed for most objects?

A

For bigger, slower objects the wavelengths become some small as to defy observation.

54
Q

What is the value of Planck’s constant?

A

6.34 x 10^-34 joule-seconds.

55
Q

What are William Thomson, Baron Kelvin’s dates?

A

1824-1907

56
Q

What are Albert Einstein’s dates?

A

1879-1955.

57
Q

What was Bohr’s theory of electron orbits?

A

That they are constrained to certain specific regions of space around the nucleus which he called energy levels.

58
Q

Why was the mass of oxygen used in defining the atomic mass unit?

A

Simply because of its natural abundance in our environment.

59
Q

What features of the elements did Mendeleev use to arrange and classify the elements?

A

Their masses and how they reacted to other elements, specifically how they oxidized.

60
Q

How did Schrodinger refine Bohr’s model of the atom?

A

By considering the wave properties of electrons he established the shapes of electron orbitals, not sphere like but much more exotic.

61
Q

What are the three rules that must be followed when filling an electron cloud in its ground state?

A

The order for filling the cloud follows the Afbau order; Hund’s rule that electrons will spread out within a specific subshell before any pair up; and Paul’s exclusion principle–no two electrons can have the same orbital address and spin state.

62
Q

On What did John Dalton base his argument for the existence of atoms?

A

The laws of conservation of mass and multiple proportions.

63
Q

What are Erwin Schrodinger’s dates?

A

1887-1961.

64
Q

How many known elements were there when Mendeleev started working on classifying them?

A

63

65
Q

What is an Angstrom?

A

A unit of length equal to 10^-10 meters, or 1/10th of a nanometer.

66
Q

When did Max Planck determine his constant?

A

1900.

67
Q

What is the fundamental question about light?

A

Is it more like a wave, a disturbance in a medium, or is an energy bearing particle.

68
Q

What are William Herschel’s dates?

A

1738-1822.

69
Q

What are Aristotle’s dates?

A

384-322 B.C.

70
Q

What are the features of the s subshell in an energy level?

A

It is the first subshell, spherical and only contain one orbital.

71
Q

What was Thales’s theory of matter?

A

That there is just one type of substance: water. It took on various states (geological, botanical, meteorological) and combined in various ways.

72
Q

What is it about Neon lighting that informs the structure of the atom?

A

Since no chemical reaction can be taking place in the tube of class with neon or other gases in it, the glow must come from the atoms themselves as electricity is passed through them.

73
Q

What is the orbital size?

A

This dictates the principal energy level. Orbitals in the first energy level are smaller than those in the second, which are smaller than the third.

74
Q

What was lacking in the Rutherford model of the atom?

A

The electrons were awash in a symmetrical spherical space around the densely packed nucleus. Electron clouds have a much more complex structure.

75
Q

What are Christian Huygens’s dates?

A

1629-1695.

76
Q

What are Ernest Rutherford’s dates?

A

1871-1937.

77
Q

What are the various types of electromagnetic radiation from shortest to longest wavelength?

A

Gamma Rays–X-rays–Ultraviolet–Visible–Infrared–Microwave–Radio

78
Q

What equation relates a photon’s energy and its frequency and wavelength?

A

E=(hc)/lambda where E is energy, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light and lambda is the wavelength.

79
Q

What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

A

Accuracy refers to the average value of a data set – how close it is to the actual value. Precision refers to how tightly grouped the individual data points are.

80
Q

What are Dimitri Mendeleev’s dates?

A

1834-1907.

81
Q

What are Anders Celsius’s dates?

A

1701-1744.

82
Q

How is electron spin noted?

A

As either spin up/spin down or +1/2 and -1/2

83
Q

What are J.J. Thomson’s dates?

A

1856-1940.

84
Q

What is the wavelength range of visible light?

A

400 to 800 nanometers.

85
Q

What is the electronic ground state?

A

One in which the electron cloud is in its most stable configuration.

86
Q

What is a good chemical definition of temperature?

A

A measure of the molecular motion in a system. It tells us how rapidly atoms and molecules move, collide, and
even vibrate, twist, and tumble.

87
Q

What is the law of the conservation of mass?

A

The total mass of reactants equals the total mass of the products after a chemical reaction.

88
Q

How many atoms are there in a mole?

A

6.02 x 10^23

89
Q

What device was key in discovering the existence of the electron?

A

The cathode-ray tube.

90
Q

When did Johann Dobereiner begin his work on classifying the elements?

A

1829

91
Q

What was Louis de Broglie’s revolutionary hypothesis?

A

That any moving particle—anything from the tiniest subatomic particles to planetary
bodies—had an associated wavelength.

92
Q

Who first postulated the notion of 4 fundamental substances: Earth, Air, Fire and Water?

A

Empedocles

93
Q

How did Lavoisier discover that water could be deconstructed?

A

When iron rusts, forming iron oxide, the oxygen is removed from water. He isolated the resulting hydrogen and burned to make water again.

94
Q

How did Chadwick reason out the existence of he neutron?

A

The radiation emitted from Beryllium must not have a charge, since it penetrated to the nucleus so readily.

95
Q

When did Fahrenheit establish his temperature scale?

A

1724

96
Q

What experimental observation eventually led to the discovery of the neutron?

A

Irradiating beryllium with alpha particles to produce a new kind of radiation—one that didn’t bounce off of nuclei like alpha particles, but crashed into them with force, knocking protons out of target atoms.

97
Q

Approximately how many nanometers across is an atom?

A

1/10th of a nanometer.

98
Q

What are Thales’s approximate dates?

A

624-546 B.C.

99
Q

In what year did Thomas Young perform his slit experiment?

A

1803.

Chemistry and Our Universe (6 decks)

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