Chapters 1-8 Flashcards
STUDY!!!! (180 cards)
1
Q
Which statement best describes transcytosis?
Select one:
a. transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis
b. storing the contents of the endosome
c. recycling the contents of the endosome back to the surface of the cell
d. combining an endosome with a lysosome and degrading or releasing the contents
A
a. transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis
2
Q
Which bone contains diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone? Select one: a. humerus b. talus c. parietal bone d. cervical vertebra
A
a. humerus
3
Q
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched.
Select one:
a. Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth.
b. Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye.
c. Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.
d. Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
A
c. Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.
4
Q
A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. symphysis b. gomphosis c. suture d. syndesmosis
A
a. symphysis
5
Q
The heart lies in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cavity. Select one: a. pleural b. pericardial c. superior mediastinal d. dorsal
A
b. pericardial
6
Q
Passive membrane transport processes include ________.
Select one:
a. consumption of ATP
b. the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration
c. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
d. movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
A
c. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
7
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires. Select one: a. Impetigo b. Porphyria c. Rosacea d. Decubitus ulcer
A
b. Porphyria
8
Q
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? Select one: a. liver b. lungs c. intestines d. brain
A
d. brain
9
Q
Which of the following conditions is generally considered a noninflammatory type of arthritis? Select one: a. rheumatoid arthritis b. bursitis c. tendonitis d. osteoarthritis
A
d. osteoarthritis
10
Q
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.
Select one:
a. closing of the epiphyseal plate
b. concentric growth
c. long bones reaching adult length and width
d. appositional growth
A
d. appositional growth
11
Q
Which of the following is true regarding the generation of a membrane potential?
Select one:
a. Both potassium and sodium ions can “leak” through the cell membrane due to diffusion.
b. When the sodium-potassium pump is activated, potassium is pumped into the cell twice as fast as the sodium is pumped out, thus causing the membrane potential.
c. In the polarized state, sodium and potassium ion concentrations are in static equilibrium.
d. The maintenance of the potential is based exclusively on diffusion processes.
A
a. Both potassium and sodium ions can “leak” through the cell membrane due to diffusion.
12
Q
Wolff’s law is concerned with ________.
Select one:
a. the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
b. the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts
c. the function of bone being dependent on shape
d. vertical growth of bones being dependent on age
A
a. the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
13
Q
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process? Select one: a. stem cell b. osteocyte c. osteoclast d. osteoblast
A
c. osteoclast
14
Q
Which of the following are survival needs of the body?
Select one:
a. nutrients, water, movement, and reproduction
b. nutrients, water, growth, and reproduction
c. water, atmospheric pressure, growth, and movement
d. nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
A
d. nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
15
Q
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cavities are spaces within joints. Select one: a. Orbital b. Synovial c. Nasal d. Oral
A
b. Synovial
16
Q
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? Select one: a. Krause's end bulbs b. free nerve endings c. Meissner's corpuscles d. Pacinian corpuscles
A
c. Meissner’s corpuscles
17
Q
What happens in redox reactions?
Select one:
a. the electron acceptor is oxidized
b. the electron donor is reduced
c. both decomposition and electron exchange occur
d. the reaction is always easily reversible
A
c. both decomposition and electron exchange occur
18
Q
A gene can best be defined as ________.
Select one:
a. an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide
b. noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long
c. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
d. a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid
A
c. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain
19
Q
Some hormones enter cells via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Select one: a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. pinocytosis d. receptor-mediated endocytosis
A
d. receptor-mediated endocytosis
20
Q
The endomembrane system is ________.
Select one:
a. an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected
b. the process by which bacteria took up residence in ancient cells
c. a system of hydrophilic lipid monolayers that surround many cell organelles
d. a system by which cells are riveted together by desmosomes
A
a. an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected
21
Q
Which ligament holds the radius to the ulna at the proximal end? Select one: a. radial collateral b. iliofemoral c. anular d. ulnar collateral
A
c. anular
22
Q
Which protein types are vitally important to cell function in all types of stressful circumstances? Select one: a. molecular chaperones b. regulatory proteins c. catalytic proteins d. structural proteins
A
a. molecular chaperones
23
Q
Growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. Which hormone is important for bone growth during infancy and childhood? Select one: a. thyroid hormone b. growth hormone c. prolactin d. somatomedins
A
b. growth hormone
24
Q
Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Name the two bones of the hand that articulate to form a saddle joint.
Select one:
a. The trapezium of the carpal bone and the thumb’s metacarpal.
b. The scaphoid of the middle finger and lunate of the index finger.
c. The trapezium of the ring finger and the capitate of the fourth finger.
d. The scaphoid of the index finger and the triquetrum of the middle finger.
A
a. The trapezium of the carpal bone and the thumb’s metacarpal.
25
```
The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is ________.
Select one:
a. tRNA
b. ssRNA
c. rRNA
d. mRNA
```
c. rRNA
26
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
Select one:
a. communication
b. storage of minerals
c. production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
d. support
a. communication
27
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Select one:
a. shoulder and pelvic girdles
b. arms, legs, hands, and feet
c. the skull, vertebral column, and pelvis
d. the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
d. the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
28
Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory?
Select one:
a. The subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life.
b. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
c. Simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation.
d. Only higher organisms are composed of cells.
b. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
29
```
If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon.
Select one:
a. UGA
b. AUG
c. UCG
d. TCG
```
c. UCG
30
```
The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.
Select one:
a. adipose tissue
b. hyaline cartilage
c. fibrocartilage
d. elastic cartilage
```
d. elastic cartilage
31
```
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ________.
Select one:
a. hyaline
b. fibrocartilage
c. epiphyseal
d. elastic
```
a. hyaline
32
```
Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except ________.
Select one:
a. peroxisomes
b. tight junctions
c. gap junctions
d. desmosomes
```
a. peroxisomes
33
```
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood, as well as shaping the articular surfaces?
Select one:
a. lacunae
b. Haversian system
c. epiphyseal plate
d. epiphyseal line
```
c. epiphyseal plate
34
The term diploë refers to the ________.
Select one:
a. two types of marrow found within most bones
b. double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone
c. fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue
d. internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
d. internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
35
```
Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________.
Select one:
a. size
b. age
c. male hormones
d. weight
```
c. male hormones
36
```
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
Select one:
a. both smooth and rough ER
b. the cytoplasm
c. the smooth ER
d. the rough ER
```
c. the smooth ER
37
```
Mitosis ________.
Select one:
a. is the formation of sex cells
b. creates diversity in genetic potential
c. always results in division of a cell
d. produces nucleus replication
```
d. produces nucleus replication
38
```
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
Select one:
a. cardiovascular anatomy
b. systemic anatomy
c. systemic physiology
d. cardiovascular physiology
```
d. cardiovascular physiology
39
The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________.
Select one:
a. a group of eight short bones united by ligaments
b. the styloid processes of the radius and ulna
c. the metacarpals
d. the phalanges
a. a group of eight short bones united by ligaments
40
An example of an interosseus fibrous joint is ________.
Select one:
a. between the humerus and the glenoid cavity
b. the radius and ulna along its length
c. between the vertebrae
d. the clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends
b. the radius and ulna along its length
41
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________.
Select one:
a. as a protective coating when one is swimming
b. by high temperatures
c. by hormones, especially androgens
d. when the air temperature drops
c. by hormones, especially androgens
42
```
Which one of the following systems responds to environmental stimuli?
Select one:
a. nervous
b. lymphatic
c. immune
d. muscular
```
a. nervous
43
Osteogenesis is the process of ________.
Select one:
a. bone destruction to liberate calcium
b. making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
c. bone formation
d. making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage
c. bone formation
44
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?
Select one:
a. All synovial joints are freely movable.
b. Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses.
c. In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present.
d. Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable.
a. All synovial joints are freely movable.
45
```
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
Select one:
a. loss of immune function
b. catastrophic fluid loss
c. unbearable pain
d. infection
```
b. catastrophic fluid loss
46
```
The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ________.
Select one:
a. sagittal
b. squamosal
c. coronal
d. lambdoid
```
a. sagittal
47
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.
Select one:
a. involves medullary cavity formation
b. is produced by secondary ossification centers
c. is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation
d. takes twice as long as diaphysis
b. is produced by secondary ossification centers
48
Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________.
Select one:
a. structurally into alveolar and acinar types
b. structurally into vascular and avascular types
c. functionally into secreting or nonsecreting types
d. functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions
d. functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions
49
```
Which of the following would not be a functional characteristic of life?
Select one:
a. maintenance of boundaries
b. movement
c. responsiveness to external stimuli
d. decay
```
d. decay
50
```
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.
Select one:
a. menisci
b. bursae
c. ligaments
d. tendons
```
b. bursae
51
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
Select one:
a. Mature adipose cells are highly mitotic.
b. Its primary function is nutrient storage.
c. Most of the cell volume is occupied by the nucleus.
d. It is composed mostly of extracellular matrix.
b. Its primary function is nutrient storage.
52
Which of the following is not true of proteins?
Select one:
a. They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity.
b. Their function depends on the three-dimensional shape.
c. They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.
d. Some types are called enzymes.
c. They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.
53
The hyoid bone is unique because it ________.
Select one:
a. is covered with mucosa
b. is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
c. is shaped like a plow
d. has no specific function
b. is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
54
Which of the following statements is most correct regarding the intracellular chemical signals known as "second messengers"?
Select one:
a. Second messengers usually inactivate protein kinase enzymes.
b. Second messengers act through receptors called K-proteins.
c. Second messengers usually act to remove nitric oxide (NO) from the cell.
d. Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers.
d. Cyclic AMP and calcium may be second messengers
55
The first step in tissue repair involves ________.
Select one:
a. proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
b. formation of scar tissue
c. replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
d. inflammation
d. inflammation
56
```
Which of the following is not considered a factor in influencing a reaction?
Select one:
a. time
b. concentration
c. particle size
d. temperature
```
a. time
57
Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.
Select one:
a. The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.
b. Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection.
c. Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot.
d. Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
d. Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.
58
```
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?
Select one:
a. the sacrum
b. the sacral promontory
c. the cervical region
d. the lumbar region
```
d. the lumbar region
59
```
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?
Select one:
a. NaOH → Na+ + OH-
b. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
c. NH3 + H+ → NH4+2
d. HCl → H+ + Cl-
```
b. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
60
Mitochondria ________.
Select one:
a. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
b. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
c. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell
d. are always the same shape
b. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
61
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
Select one:
a. the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle
b. they grow much slower
c. hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length
d. eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
d. eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
62
```
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
Select one:
a. hyperextension
b. circumduction
c. flexion
d. extension
```
a. hyperextension
63
Which of the following statements is false?
Select one:
a. Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.
b. Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers.
c. Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions.
d. Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures.
a. Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.
64
Chondroblasts ________.
Select one:
a. within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
b. are mature cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae
c. located deep to the perichondrium divide and secrete new matrix on the internal portions of the cartilage
d. never lose their ability to divide
a. within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
65
```
A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________.
Select one:
a. the consumption of energy
b. forming a larger molecule
c. the release of energy
d. a synthesis
```
c. the release of energy
66
```
Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. organ
b. organism
c. organ system
d. tissue
```
d. tissue
67
```
________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function.
Select one:
a. Cortisol
b. Vitamin A
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin K
```
c. Vitamin D
68
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex:
1. molecules
2. atoms
3. tissues
4. cells
5. organ
Select one:
a. 2-1-3-4-5
b. 1-2-3-4-5
c. 2-1-4-3-5
d. 1-2-4-3-5
c. 2-1-4-3-5
69
```
Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?
Select one:
a. live cells
b. blood vessels
c. lacunae
d. organic fibers
```
b. blood vessels
70
Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
Select one:
a. RNA is a long, single-stranded molecule made up of the bases A, T, G, and C.
b. TDNA is considered a molecular slave of DNA.
c. Three forms exist: DNA, RNA, and tDNA.
d. DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
d. DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
71
```
What is the major function of the intervertebral discs?
Select one:
a. prevent hyperextension
b. absorb shock
c. string the vertebrae together
d. prevent injuries
```
b. absorb shock
72
A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.
Select one:
a. swell and burst
b. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached
c. neither shrink nor swell
d. shrink
a. swell and burst
73
```
Two good examples of a colloid would be Jell-O® and ________.
Select one:
a. urine
b. cytosol
c. toenails
d. blood
```
b. cytosol
74
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges?
Select one:
a. Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.
b. Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily.
c. They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
d. Every human being has the same pattern of ridges.
c. They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
75
What does CH4 mean?
Select one:
a. This is an inorganic molecule.
b. There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
c. This was involved in a redox reaction.
d. There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
d. There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
76
```
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
Select one:
a. NaOH
b. CH4
c. H2O
d. NaCl
```
b. CH4
77
```
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
Select one:
a. reactivity
b. high heat of vaporization
c. high heat capacity
d. polar solvent properties
e. cushioning
```
b. high heat of vaporization
78
```
Which body cavity protects the nervous system?
Select one:
a. dorsal
b. vertebral
c. cranial
d. thoracic
```
a. dorsal
79
```
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.
Select one:
a. no transverse processes
b. facets for attachment of ribs
c. transverse foramina
d. no intervertebral discs
```
b. facets for attachment of ribs
80
```
The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________.
Select one:
a. centrosome
b. chromosome
c. ribosome
d. centriole
```
d. centriole
81
Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue.
Select one:
a. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
b. Connective tissue does not contain cells.
c. Connective tissue cells are nondividing.
d. Chondroblasts are the main cell type of connective tissue proper.
a. "Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells.
82
```
Which vertebra does not have a body?
Select one:
a. atlas
b. last lumbar
c. axis
d. last cervical
```
a. atlas
83
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.
Select one:
a. a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
b. a dynamic state within an unlimited range
c. a static state with no deviation from preset points
d. the lowest possible energy usage
a. a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
84
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
Select one:
a. allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
b. serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
c. bind the hair root to the dermis
d. cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle
a. allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
85
What can cause gouty arthritis?
Select one:
a. excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints
b. a thickening of the synovial membrane and a decrease in fluid production
c. a disorder in the body's immune system resulting in destruction of joints
d. a bacterial infection in the bursae
a. excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints
86
```
If you consider your home air conditioner in terms of homeostasis, then the wall thermostat would be the ________.
Select one:
a. control center
b. variable
c. receptor
d. effector
```
a. control center
87
```
The main component of the cytosol is ________.
Select one:
a. proteins
b. sugars
c. salts
d. water
```
d. water
88
Select the most correct statement.
Select one:
a. The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
b. Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life.
c. Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both.
d. The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system.
a. The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
89
What is the major function of the axial skeleton?
Select one:
a. give the body resilience
b. provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
c. provide an attachment point for muscles that allow movement
d. provide a space for the major digestive organs
b. provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
90
The functions of centrioles include ________.
Select one:
a. serving as the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis
b. providing a whiplike beating motion to move substances along cell surfaces
c. organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
d. producing ATP
c. organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
91
```
Salts are always ________.
Select one:
a. hydrogen bonded
b. single covalent compounds
c. ionic compounds
d. double covalent compounds
```
c. ionic compounds
92
```
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?
Select one:
a. the patellar ligament
b. the extracapsular ligament
c. the lateral patellar retinacula
d. the medial patellar retinacula
```
a. the patellar ligament
93
```
Heat shock proteins (hsp) are a type of protein called ________.
Select one:
a. eicosanoids
b. chaperonins
c. cofactors
d. coenzymes
```
b. chaperonins
94
The endomembrane system is ________.
Select one:
a. the process by which bacteria took up residence in ancient cells
b. a system of hydrophilic lipid monolayers that surround many cell organelles
c. a system by which cells are riveted together by desmosomes
d. an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected
d. an interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected
95
```
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
Select one:
a. eccrine and apocrine
b. holocrine and mammary
c. mammary and ceruminous
d. sebaceous and merocrine
```
a. eccrine and apocrine
96
Vernix caseosa is a ________.
Select one:
a. whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
b. coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men
c. substance contributing to acne during adolescence
d. cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns
a. whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
97
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.
Select one:
a. blood calcium level regulation
b. regulating glucose levels in the blood
c. body temperature regulation
d. enhancement of labor contractions
d. enhancement of labor contractions
98
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
Select one:
a. decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
b. increased osteoclast activity
c. inadequate calcification of bone
d. decreased osteoclast activity
a. decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
99
```
Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane?
Select one:
a. messenger RNA
b. glycolipids
c. glycoproteins
d. phospholipids
```
a. messenger RNA
100
```
Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?
Select one:
a. thyroid
b. pineal gland
c. spleen
d. parathyroid
```
a. thyroid
101
```
If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?
Select one:
a. spinosum
b. basale
c. granulosum
d. lucidum
```
d. lucidum
102
```
An example of a coenzyme is ________.
Select one:
a. copper
b. riboflavin (vitamin B2)
c. iron
d. zinc
```
b. riboflavin (vitamin B2)
103
```
Which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?
Select one:
a. vertebral cavity
b. thoracic cavity
c. spinal cord
d. cranial cavity
```
b. thoracic cavity
104
```
Histology would be best defined as a study of ________.
Select one:
a. tissues
b. cell chemistry
c. the gross structures of the body
d. cells
```
a. tissues
105
Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?
Select one:
a. Elastin fibers are sometimes called white fibers.
b. When connective tissue is stretched, collagen gives it the ability to snap back.
c. Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength.
d. Reticular fibers form thick, ropelike structures.
c. Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength.
106
```
The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are ________.
Select one:
a. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
b. carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium
c. sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen
d. nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium
```
a. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
107
```
Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?
Select one:
a. 7
b. 5
c. 3
d. 10
```
a. 7
108
```
Caveolae are closely associated with all but which of the following?
Select one:
a. lipid rafts
b. enzymes involved in cell metabolism
c. receptors for hormones
d. enzymes involved in cell regulation
```
b. enzymes involved in cell metabolism
109
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.
Select one:
a. produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis)
b. attach tendons
c. form the synovial membrane
d. provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
d. provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
110
```
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.
Select one:
a. cruciate ligaments
b. tibial collateral ligaments
c. anterior ligaments
d. patellar ligaments
```
a. cruciate ligaments
111
```
Which is true concerning muscle tissue?
Select one:
a. cuboidal shape enhances function
b. contains contractile units made of collagen
c. is a single-celled tissue
d. highly cellular and well vascularized
```
d. highly cellular and well vascularized
112
```
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
Select one:
a. frontal
b. sagittal
c. regional
d. transverse
```
b. sagittal
113
Peroxisomes ________.
Select one:
a. sometimes function as secretory vesicles
b. are also called microbodies, and contain acid hydrolases
c. are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
d. function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
c. are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
114
```
What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?
Select one:
a. cartilage tissue
b. areolar tissue
c. osseous tissue
d. fibrocartilaginous tissue
```
c. osseous tissue
115
Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process.
Select one:
a. The age of the person is a factor in the repair process.
b. The health of an individual does not seem to make any difference in the speed of repair.
c. Nutrition does not seem to influence tissue repair.
d. The type of tissue injured is not an important factor.
a. The age of the person is a factor in the repair process.
116
```
The parietal pleural would represent a serous membrane ________.
Select one:
a. lining the thoracic cavity
b. lining the abdominal cavity
c. covering the heart
d. covering individual lungs
```
a. lining the thoracic cavity
117
Choose the statement that is most correct about orbits.
Select one:
a. The orbits contain only cranial bones.
b. The orbits are formed of both facial and cranial bones.
c. The orbits contain only facial bones.
d. The orbits are made entirely of cartilage
b. The orbits are formed of both facial and cranial bones.
118
```
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
Select one:
a. osseous matrix
b. lamellar bone
c. the osteon
d. spongy bone
```
c. the osteon
119
```
Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle?
Select one:
a. microtubule
b. lysosome
c. cilia
d. melanin
```
d. melanin
120
```
Average body temperature is ________ degrees centigrade.
Select one:
a. 37
b. 98
c. 68
d. 47
```
a. 37
121
Which of the following statements best describes angular movements?
Select one:
a. They allow movement only in one plane.
b. They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.
c. They occur only between bones with flat articular processes.
d. They allow movement in several planes.
b. They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.
122
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
Select one:
a. Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
b. Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.
c. The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system.
d. The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color.
a. Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
123
An epithelial membrane ________.
Select one:
a. usually involves transitional epithelium
b. contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane
c. is formed of epithelium and smooth muscle
d. never contains mucus-forming cells
b. contains simple or stratified epithelia and a basement membrane
124
```
Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint?
Select one:
a. joint cavity
b. articular capsule
c. articular cartilage
d. tendon sheath
```
d. tendon sheath
125
```
Which bone contains diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone?
Select one:
a. talus
b. parietal bone
c. cervical vertebra
d. humerus
```
d. humerus
126
Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA?
Select one:
a. If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU.
b. There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid.
c. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.
d. rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.
c. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.
127
```
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.
Select one:
a. a weak acid
b. common in the liver
c. a bicarbonate ion
d. a proton donor
```
c. a bicarbonate ion
128
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.
Select one:
a. by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis
b. in a circular fashion
c. by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
d. from the edges inward
c. by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
129
```
Which term means toward or at the back of the body, behind?
Select one:
a. dorsal
b. distal
c. anterior
d. lateral
```
a. dorsal
130
Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?
Select one:
a. the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
b. a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae
c. a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
d. a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
a. the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
131
```
Ostealgia is ________.
Select one:
a. fractured bone
b. a defect called clubfoot
c. pain in a bone
d. a disease of the bone
```
c. pain in a bone
132
```
What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?
Select one:
a. abduction
b. dorsiflexion
c. inversion
d. adduction
```
a. abduction
133
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
Select one:
a. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
b. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
c. It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.
d. The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
b. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
134
The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.
Select one:
a. are also called collateral ligaments
b. tend to run parallel to one another
c. assist in defining the range of motion of the leg
d. prevent hyperextension of the knee
d. prevent hyperextension of the knee
135
```
Some hormones enter cells via ________.
Select one:
a. receptor-mediated endocytosis
b. exocytosis
c. endocytosis
d. pinocytosis
```
a. receptor-mediated endocytosis
136
Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________.
Select one:
a. produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
b. are a powerful defense against damaging UV rays
c. are able to reproduce sporadically as needed
d. are able to transform from living cells to plasma membranes and still function
a. produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
137
```
Which structures are fingerlike projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells?
Select one:
a. flagella
b. microvilli
c. stereocilia
d. cilia
```
b. microvilli
138
```
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
Select one:
a. arms
b. feet
c. hands
d. hands and the feet
```
b. feet
139
```
How is hyaline cartilage different from elastic or fibrocartilage?
Select one:
a. It is more vascularized.
b. It has more elastic fibers.
c. It contains more nuclei.
d. Fibers are not normally visible.
```
d. Fibers are not normally visible.
140
How are thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 different from the other vertebrae?
Select one:
a. The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.
b. The spinous processes are directed parallel with the centrum.
c. There are two foramina on vertebrae 11 and 12.
d. The orientation of the articular processes is different from all the other thoracic vertebrae.
a. The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.
141
Subdivisions of anatomy include which of the following?
Select one:
a. gross, macroscopic, visual, and microscopic
b. gross, regional, systemic, and surface
c. gross, regional, dissection, and surface
d. regional, surface, visual, and microscopic
b. gross, regional, systemic, and surface
142
Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?
Select one:
a. two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves
b. a transverse cut just above the knees
c. any sagittal plane except the median
d. any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior
c. any sagittal plane except the median
143
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn?
Select one:
a. The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
b. The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
c. The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing "black-and-blue marks."
d. The pain is acute due to the large number of Meissner's corpuscles.
b. The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
144
Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?
Select one:
a. Holocrine cells are slightly damaged by the secretory process, but repair themselves.
b. Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
c. These glands are ductless.
d. Apocrine cells are destroyed, then replaced, after secretion.
b. Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process.
145
Extracellular matrix is ________.
Select one:
a. composed of strands of actin protein
b. not present in connective tissue
c. the most abundant extracellular material
d. a type of impermeable cell junction found in epithelia
c. the most abundant extracellular material
146
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
Select one:
a. granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
b. basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
c. basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
d. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
d. corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
147
```
The gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the ________ joint.
Select one:
a. plane
b. pivot
c. hinge
d. condyloid
```
a. plane
148
What does CH4 mean?
Select one:
a. This was involved in a redox reaction.
b. This is an inorganic molecule.
c. There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
d. There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
d. There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms.
149
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to keeping the articular surfaces of diarthroses in contact?
Select one:
a. strength and tension of joint ligaments
b. number of bones in the joint
c. arrangement and tension of the muscles
d. structure and shape of the articulating bone
b. number of bones in the joint
150
```
What is the posterior side of the patella called?
Select one:
a. popliteal
b. sural
c. crural
d. antecubital
```
a. popliteal
151
```
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.
Select one:
a. body erect
b. thumbs pointed laterally
c. arms at sides
d. palms turned posteriorly
```
b. thumbs pointed laterally
152
```
The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ________.
Select one:
a. fontanelles
b. foramina
c. sutures
d. areolas
```
a. fontanelles
153
```
Enzymes called _________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death of the cell.
Select one:
a. DNA polymerase III
b. cyclins
c. ubiquitins
d. caspases
```
d. caspases
154
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
Select one:
a. the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
b. it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock
c. the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
d. it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
c. the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
155
Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.
Select one:
a. Serosa are very thin, double-layered structures.
b. Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.
c. Serous membranes are divided into parietal and visceral membranes with a potential space between the two.
d. Serous membranes secrete a watery lubricating fluid.
b. Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the walls of the heart.
156
```
Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.
Select one:
a. sodium, calcium, and vitamin E
b. vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
c. calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
d. potassium, phosphate, and vitamin D
```
c. calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
157
```
Pointing the toes is an example of ________.
Select one:
a. circumduction
b. plantar flexion
c. protraction
d. pronation
```
b. plantar flexion
158
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth?
Select one:
a. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
b. Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage.
c. Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage.
d. Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones.
a. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
159
```
The single most abundant chemical substance of the body, accounting for 60% to 80% of body weight, is ________.
Select one:
a. hydrogen
b. water
c. protein
d. oxygen
```
b. water
160
Mitochondria ________.
Select one:
a. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
b. are always the same shape
c. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell
d. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
d. contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
161
```
Which cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells?
Select one:
a. goblet cells
b. mast cells
c. cilia
d. macrophages
```
a. goblet cells
162
```
What is the specific name for the hip region?
Select one:
a. inguinal
b. manus
c. pedal
d. coxal
```
d. coxal
163
```
The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?
Select one:
a. vomer
b. ethmoid
c. sphenoid
d. maxilla
```
b. ethmoid
164
```
The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following?
Select one:
a. intestines
b. liver
c. brain
d. lungs
```
c. brain
165
Select which reactions will usually be irreversible regarding chemical equilibrium in living systems.
Select one:
a. H2O + CO2 to make H2CO3
b. ADP + Pi to make ATP
c. glucose to CO2 and H2O
d. glucose molecules joined to make glycogen
c. glucose to CO2 and H2O
166
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.
Select one:
a. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur
b. opening of voltage-regulated channels
c. hyperpolarization
d. a change in sodium ion permeability
c. hyperpolarization
167
```
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.
Select one:
a. oligodendrocytes
b. Schwann cells
c. astrocytes
d. microglia
```
c. astrocytes
168
Select the correct statement about serial processing.
Select one:
a. Smells are processed by serial pathways.
b. Memories are triggered by serial processing.
c. Input travels along several different pathways.
d. Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing
d. Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing
169
```
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.
Select one:
a. cell body
b. synapse
c. receptor
d. effector
```
b. synapse
170
Which of the choices below describes the ANS?
Select one:
a. sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract
b. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
c. sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
d. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
b. motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
171
```
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. Schwann cell
b. dendrite
c. neurolemma
d. axon
```
d. axon
172
```
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
Select one:
a. tracts
b. ganglia
c. nuclei
d. nerves
```
b. ganglia
173
Which of the following is not true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?
Select one:
a. The bulk of the solutes in solution inside a cell are negatively charged relative to the outside of the cell.
b. Some ions are prevented from moving down their concentration gradients by ATP-driven pumps.
c. Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
d. Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
d. Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.
174
```
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.
Select one:
a. postsynaptic potential
b. generator potential
c. action potential
d. excitatory potential
```
b. generator potential
175
Ependymal cells ________.
Select one:
a. are a type of neuron
b. help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
c. are the most numerous of the neuroglia
d. are a type of macrophage
b. help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
176
```
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
Select one:
a. found in ganglia
b. called neuroglial cells
c. motor neurons
d. found in the retina of the eye
```
d. found in the retina of the eye
177
```
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?
Select one:
a. sodium
b. calcium
c. chloride
d. potassium
```
d. potassium
178
```
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?
Select one:
a. mechanically gated channel
b. voltage-gated channel
c. leakage channel
d. ligand-gated channel
```
b. voltage-gated channel
179
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?
Select one:
a. responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
c. senses changes in the environment
b. analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
180
Which of the following is false or incorrect?
Select one:
a. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.
b. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold.
c. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
c. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
