Chapters 10-12

Question 1

The resisting forces that help maintain a slope’s stability.

Answer 1

Shear strength

Question 2

Any kind of mass wasting that involves a visible downslope displacement of material

Answer 2

Rapid mass movement

Question 3

Mass movement that advances at an imperceptible rate and is usually detectable only by the effects of its movement

Answer 3

Slow mass movement

Question 4

A type of extremely fast mass wasting in which rocks fall through the air

Answer 4

Rockfall

Question 5

Mass wasting involving movement of material along one or more surfaces of failure

Answer 5

Slide

Question 6

Mass wasting that takes place along a curved surface of failure and results in the backward rotation of the slump mass

Answer 6

Slump

Question 7

Rapid mass wasting in which rocks move downslope along a mirror less planar surface

Answer 7

Rock slide

Question 8

A flow consisting mostly of clay and silt-sized particles and up to 30% water that moves downslope under the influence of gravity

Answer 8

Mudflow

Question 9

A type of mass wasting that involves a viscous mass of soil, rock fragments, and water that moves downslope; have larger particles than mudflows and contain less water

Answer 9

Debris flow

Question 10

A mass wasting process involving the downslope movement of water-saturated soil

Answer 10

Earthflow

Question 11

A clay deposit that spontaneously liquefies and flows like water when disturbed

Answer 11

Quick clay

Question 12

Mass wasting involving the slow downslope movement of water-saturated surface materials; occurs especially at high elevations or high latitudes where the flow is underlain by frozen soil

Answer 12

Solifuction

Question 13

Ground that remains permanently frozen

Answer 13

Permafrost

Question 14

A widespread type of mass wasting in which soil or rock moves slowly downslope

Answer 14

Creep

Question 15

A combination of different types of mass movements in which no single type is dominant; usually involves sliding and flowing

Answer 15

Complex movement

Question 16

The continuous recycling of water from the oceans, through the atmosphere, to the continents, and back to the oceans, or from the oceans, through the atmosphere, and back to the oceans

Answer 16

Hydrologic cycle

Question 17

The surface flow of streams and rivers

Answer 17

Runoff

Question 18

The maximum rat at which soil or sediment absorbs water

Answer 18

Infiltration capacity

Question 19

The slope over which a stream or river flows, expressed in m/km or ft/ml

Answer 19

Gradient

Question 20

A measure of distance traveled per unit of time, as in the flow velocity in a stream or river

Answer 20

Velocity

Question 21

The volume of water in a stream or river moving past a specific point in a given interval of time; expressed in cubic meters per second or cubic feet per second

Answer 21

Discharge

Question 22

The part of a streams load consisting of ions in solution

Answer 22

Dissolved load

Question 23

The removal of loose particles by the power of moving water

Answer 23

Hydraulic action

Question 24

The downslope movement of Earth materials under the influence of gravity

Answer 24

Mass wasting

Question 25

The process whereby rock is worn smooth by the impact of sediment transported by running water, glaciers, waves,or wind.

Answer 25

Abrasion

Question 26

The smallest particles carried by running water, which are kept suspended by fluid turbulence.

Answer 26

Suspended load

Question 27

The part of a stream's sediment load, mostly sand and gravel, transported along its bed.

Answer 27

Bed load

Question 28

A collective term for all detrital sediment transported and deposited by running water.

Answer 28

Alluvium

Question 29

A stream with multiple dividing and rejoining channels.

Answer 29

Braided stream

Question 30

A stream that has a single, sinuous channel with broadly looping curves.

Answer 30

Meandering stream

Question 31

The sediment body deposited on the gently sloping side of a meander loop.

Answer 31

Point bar

Question 32

A cutoff meander filled with water.

Answer 32

Oxbow lake

Question 33

A low lying, flat area adjacent to a channel that is partly or completely water covered when a stream or river overflows its banks.

Answer 33

Floodplain

Question 34

A ridge of sandy alluvium deposited along the margins of channel during floods.

Answer 34

Natural levee

Question 35

A deposit of sediment where a stream or river enters a lake or the ocean.

Answer 35

Delta

Question 36

A cone shaped accumulation of mostly sand and gravel deposited where a stream flows from a mountain valley onto an adjacent lowland.

Answer 36

Alluvial fan

Question 37

The surface area drained by a stream or river and its tributaries.

Answer 37

Drainage basin

Question 38

A topographically high area that separates adjacent drainage basins.

Answer 38

Divide

Question 39

The regional arrangement of channels in a drainage system.

Answer 39

Drainage pattern

Question 40

The level below which a stream or river cannot erode; sea level is ultimate base level.

Answer 40

Base level

Question 41

A stream that has an equilibrium profile in which a delicate balance exists among gradient, discharge, flow velocity, channel characteristics, and sediment load so that neither significant deposition nor erosion takes place within its channel.

Answer 41

Graded stream

Question 42

A linear depression bounded by higher areas such as ridges or mountains

Answer 42

Valley

Question 43

An erosional remnant of a floodplain that formed when a stream was flowing at a higher level.

Answer 43

Stream terrace

Question 44

A deep, meandering canyon cut into bedrock by a stream or river.

Answer 44

Incised meander

Question 45

A stream that once flowed on a higher surface and eroded downward into the resistant rocks while maintaining its course.

Answer 45

Superposed stream

Question 46

Underground water stored in the pore spaces of soil, sediment, and rock.

Answer 46

Groundwater

Question 47

The percentage of a material's total volume that is pore space.

Answer 47

Porosity

Question 48

A material's capacity to transmit fluid.

Answer 48

Permeability

Question 49

The zone above the water table that contains both air and water within the pore spaces of soil, sediment, or rock.

Answer 49

Zone of aeration

Question 50

The area below the water table in which all pore spaces are filled with water.

Answer 50

Zone of saturation

Question 51

The surface that separates the zone of aeration from the underlying zone of saturation.

Answer 51

Water table

Question 52

A space where groundwater flows or seeps out of the ground.

Answer 52

Spring

Question 53

A well made by digging or drilling into the zone of saturation.

Answer 53

Water well

Question 54

A cone shaped depression around a well where water is pumped from an aquifer faster than it can be replaced.

Answer 54

Cone of depression

Question 55

A confined groundwater system with high hydrostatic pressure that causes water to rise above the level of the aquifer.

Answer 55

Artesian system

Question 56

A depression I the ground that forms by the solution of the underlying carbonate rocks or by the collapse of a cave roof.

Answer 56

Sinkhole

Question 57

Landscape consisting of numerous caves, sinkholes, and solution valleys formed by groundwater solution of rocks such as limestone and dolostone.

Answer 57

Karst topography

Question 58

A natural subsurface opening generally connected to the surface and large enough for a person to enter.

Answer 58

Cave

Question 59

A term referring to hot water, as in hot springs and geysers.

Answer 59

Hydrothermal

Question 60

A spring in which the water temperature is warmer than the temperature of the human body (37)

Answer 60

Hot springs

Question 61

A hot spring that periodically ejects hot water and steam.

Answer 61

Geyser

Question 62

Energy that comes from steam and hot water trapped within Earth's crust.

Answer 62

Geothermal energy