Chapters 10-12 In Class Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is the term for the generic name of a drug?
Nonproprietary name
This is the generic name by which the drug is known.
Which federal agency approves the use of a specific drug?
FDA
FDA stands for the Food and Drug Administration.
What is referred to when drug receptors are maximally activated?
Peak effect
This indicates the maximum efficacy of the drug.
Drugs are excreted from the body primarily via the _______.
Kidney
What is the body’s metabolism of drugs called?
Biotransformation
This process involves chemical modification of the drug.
Drug administration, absorption, distribution, and clearance are collectively called _______.
Pharmacokinetics
What does the term bacteriostatic mean?
Bacteria no longer can multiply
Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit bacterial growth.
Drugs that are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but not all of them, are called _______.
Medium-spectrum activity drugs
Who first published the findings of the antibacterial properties of Penicillium notatum?
Fleming
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin.
What is the principle that an ideal antimicrobial drug will kill harmful microbes without significant damage to the host?
Selective toxicity
Another term for the effectiveness of a drug is _______.
Efficacy
What is the phenomenon called when two antibiotics are given together to increase the therapeutic effect?
Synergism
This can enhance the overall effectiveness of treatment.
What is the process called when resistance to one type of drug allows resistance to a similar drug?
CroSS-res’tance
This phenomenon can complicate treatment options and public health strategies.
What term refers to the range of pathogen types that a given drug is effective against?
Spectrum of activity
Understanding the spectrum helps in choosing the appropriate drug for treatment.
What is the assessment of a drug to determine its benefits versus risks called?
Therapeutic index
A higher therapeutic index indicates a safer drug.
Who first used Prontosil, a dye, as an antibiotic?
Domagk
Prontosil was one of the first sulfa drugs used in medicine.
What do we call a disease that is generally present in a given population?
Endemic
Endemic diseases are often expected to occur in specific geographic areas.
What is the term for a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed?
Parasitism
Parasitism is a common interaction in nature, affecting ecosystems and health.
What does the term virulence refer to?
Degree or extent of disease-evoking power of a microorganism
Higher virulence means a greater ability to cause disease.
What are healthcare-associated infections also known as?
Nosocomial infections
These infections often occur in hospitals or healthcare facilities.
What is the term for the number of new cases of a disease counted over a certain period compared with the general healthy population?
Incidence
Incidence is crucial for understanding disease spread and control measures.
What do we call an organism that does not normally cause disease in a healthy individual but can cause disease when the host is immunocompromised?
Opportunistic pathogen
These pathogens can exploit weaknesses in the host’s immune system.
What are animals, usually arthropods, that carry pathogens from one host to another called?
Vectors
Common examples include mosquitoes and ticks.
