Chapters 11-14

Question 1

Describe sensory neurons

Answer 1

• Transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS, Almost all are Unipolar
• Found in cell bodies in ganglia in PNS

Question 2

Describe motor neurons

Answer 2

• Carry impulses from CNS to effectors, Multipolar
• Found in most cell bodies in CNS (except some autonomic neurons)

Question 3

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 3

• Olfactory
• Optic
• Oculomotor
• Trochlear
• Trigeminal
• Abducens
• Facial
• Vestibulocochlear
• Glossopharyngreal
• Vagus
• Accessory
• Hypoglossal

Question 4

Describe interneurons

Answer 4

• Lie between motor and sensory neurons where it Shuttles signals through CNS pathways; most are entirely within CNS
• 99% of body’s neurons and Mostly confined in CNS

Question 5

Name four and Describe.

Answer 5

Olfactory

• Smell

Optic

• Sight

Trochlear

• Moves eyeballs

Trigeminal

• Facial muscles

Question 6

What is the blood-brain barrier? What does it do?

Answer 6

The blood-brain barrier is composed of high-density cells restricting passage of substances from the bloodstream much more than do the endothelial cells in capillaries elsewhere in the body.

Question 7

What are the stages of sleep? Describe.

Answer 7

REM: Skeletal muscles (except ocular muscles and diaphragm) are actively inhibited; most dreaming occurs.

NREM stage 1: Relaxation begins; EEG shows alpha waves; arousal is easy.

NREM stage 2: Irregular EEG with sleep spindles (short high- amplitude bursts); arousal is more difficult.

NREM stage 3: Sleep deepens; theta and delta waves appear; vital signs decline.

NREM stage 4: EEG is dominated by delta waves; arousal is difficult; bed-wetting, night terrors, and sleepwalking may occur.

Question 8

Describe the somatic nervous system

Answer 8

• Effector: Skeletal muscles
• Efferent Pathways and Ganglia:
  
  • Cell body in CNS
  • group A fiber extends to skeletal muscle from spinal column
• Neurotransmitter Effects
• somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 9

Describe Autonomic nervous systems

Answer 9

• Effector: Cardiac, Smooth, and glands
• Efferent Pathways and Ganglia: ANS pathway uses two-neuron chain, Preganglionic neuron and Postganglionic (ganglionic) neuron
• Neurotransmitter Effects: Preganglionic fibers release ACh, Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh at effectors, and Effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on type of receptors

Question 10

What are the six chemical classes of neurotransmitters?

Answer 10

• Acetylcholine (ACh)
  
  • Synthesized from acetic acid and choline and broken down by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
• Catecholamines
  
  • Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine
• Indolamines
  
  • Serotonin and histamine
• Gut-brain peptides
  • Somatostatin and cholecystokinin
• Gasotransmitters
  
  • Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide gases (H2S)
• Endorphins
  
  • Beta-endorphin, dynorphin, and enkephalins

Question 11

What are the parts of the diencephalon and the brain?

Answer 11

Epithalamus

• Pineal gland (body) extends from posterior border and secretes melatonin which helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

Thalamus

• Sorts, edits, relays ascending input, Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

Hypothalamus

• Controls autonomic nervous system
• Regulates body temperature – sweating/shivering,
• Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones,
• Regulates water balance and thirst,
• Regulates sleep-wake cycles, and Controls endocrine system

Retina

• Receives light that the lens has focused, converts the light into neural signals, and then sends these signals on to the brain for visual recognition

Question 12

What are the nondeclarative memory and example of each?

Answer 12

• Less conscious or unconscious
• Acquired through experience and repetition
• Best remembered by doing; hard to unlearn
• Includes procedural (skills) memory, motor memory, and emotional memory