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Biology > Chapters 13-14 > Flashcards

Chapters 13-14 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What parts make up a nucleotide? (3)

A

Phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
Nitrogen base

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2
Q

How are the parts of a nucleotide held together?

A

Covalent bonds

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3
Q

What parts make up a DNA molecule?

A

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen base (A, C, T, G)

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4
Q

What types of bonds hold DNA molecules together? Where is each type found?

A

Covalent - between nucleotides
Hydrogen - between nitrogen bases

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5
Q

What is base pairing?

A

Which nitrogen bases are connected to which other nitrogen basses by hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine

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7
Q

Which of DNA’s nitrogen bases pair with which other nitrogen bases? How many hydrogen bonds are used for each pairing?

A

Adenine pairs with thymine (2 bonds)
Cytosine pairs with guanine (3 bonds)

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8
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule?

A

In one strand of DNA, 20% of the nitrogen bases are adenine, 20% are thymine, 30% are cytosine, and 30% are guamine

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9
Q

What shape does DNA take?

A

Double helix

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10
Q

What are antiparallel strands in DNA?

A

Two DNA strands run parallel to each other, but due to base pairing they run in opposite directions

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11
Q

What part of DNA do the connecting nitrogen bases form?

A

The rungs

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12
Q

What type of replication does DNA perform? Define it

A

Semi-conservative replication
One strand of the double helix is from the original DNA and the other strand is newly made

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13
Q

What enzymes are used in DNA replication? (5)

A

Topoisomerase
Helicase
DNA primase
DNA polymerase
DNA ligase

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14
Q

What does the topoisomerase do?

A

Unwinds the DNA double helix

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15
Q

What does the helicase do?

A

Unzips the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases

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16
Q

What does the DNA primase do?

A

Adds RNA primers to the new DNA strand so the DNA polymerase knows where to start

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17
Q

What does the DNA polymerase do?

A

Attaches the nucleotides to the new DNA strand

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18
Q

What does the DNA ligase do?

A

Glues Okazaki Fragments together by creating a molecule-joining covalent bond and replaces RNA primers with DNA

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19
Q

What is the leading strand of DNA? How does the DNA polymerase work on this strand?

A

The strand that runs in a 3’ to 5’ direction
DNA polymerase moves up the strand toward the helicase, keeping up with the speed of the helicase unzipping the DNA

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20
Q

What is the lagging strand of DNA? How does the DNA polymerase work on this strand?

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A

The strand that runs in a 5’ to 3’ direction
DNA polymerase moves down the strand away from the helicase, constantly having to jump back towards the helicase to continue working on new sections of DNA

21
Q

What are Okazaki Fragments?

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A

Sections of DNA the DNA polymerase breaks apart to work on on the lagging strand due to the polymerase having to work backwards

22
Q

How is DNA different from RNA? (3)

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A

5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose
Double-stranded double-helix shape
Has nitrogenous base thymine (T)

23
Q

How is RNA different from DNA? (3)

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A

5-carbon sugar = ribose
Single strand
Has nitrogenous base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

24
Q

How are DNA and RNA similar? (2)

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A

Both are composed of nucleotide monomers
Have the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

25
What are the 3 types of RNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
26
What does mRNA do?
Leaves the nucleus with messages from the DNA to be turned into the necessary proteins
27
What does rRNA do?
Reads the mRNA and carries out protein synthesis
28
What does tRNA do?
Carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the mRNA to make proteins
29
What is a codon?
Groups of 3 nucleotide bases in the mRNA that make the genetic code
30
What is an anticodon?
The 3 nucleotides on tRNA that complement the mRNA codon
31
What is the start codon?
AUG (methionine)
32
What are the stop codons? (3)
UAA UAG UGA
33
How do you transcribe DNA into RNA? (3)
1. A segment of DNA is opened so that it is ready to be read by the DNA polymerase 2. DNA polymerase attaches to DNA segment and reads, creating the complementary mRNA strand as it goes 3. Completed mRNA leaves the nucleus to be read and turned into a protein
34
How do you translate mRNA into a protein? (4)
1. mRNA enters the rRNA to begin translation 2. tRNA brings in the amino acid that the mRNA is reading for 3. The anticodon begins to form 4. rRNA and tRNA will continue down the mRNA until they reach a stop codon
35
What does translating mRNA form? Define it
The polypeptide chain (chain of amino acids)
36
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
37
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
38
What are the two types of mutations?
Point mutations and frameshift mutations
39
What are point mutations also called?
Substitution
40
How can you determine if a mutation is a point mutation?
It only affects 1 nucleotide and 1 codon
41
How can you determine if a mutation is a frameshift mutation?
It shifts the reading frame of the codon due to the addition/deletion of a nucleotide, causing it to affect any codons that come after the affected nucleotide
42
What are the three types of point mutations?
Silent, missense, and nonsense mutations
43
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that doesn't affect the amino acid or the protein being formed
44
What is a missense mutation?
A mutation that affects one of the amino acids and changes the type of protein formed
45
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that stops protein formation early by changing one amino acid to a stop codon
46
What are the two types of frameshift mutation?
Addition and deletion
47
What is an addition frameshift mutation?
An extra nucleotide is added in to one of the codons, causing every nucleotide after it to shift one space to the right
48
What is a deletion frameshift mutation?
A nucleotide is removed from one of the codons, causing every nucleotide after it to shift one space to the left
49
When do frameshift mutations cause the most harm?
When they occur earlier in the DNA strand

Biology (8 decks)

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