Chapters 13 & 14 Flashcards
(70 cards)
Name the 5 essential nutrients.
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins/minerals, water
Nutrition and hydration refer to a complex set of processes by which nutrients and fluids are… name 6 processes to nutrition and hydration.
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, use, and excretion
Water accounts for __ - __ % of body weight.
50 - 75%
Most adults need how many mL of water on a daily basis?
2,000 - 3,000 mL
Name 5 functions of water in the body.
1) Transportation of nutrients, electrolytes and oxygen; 2) excretion of wastes; 3) regulation of body temperature; 4) lubrication of joints and membranes; and 5) a medium for digestion.
According to the CDC, the obesity prevalence among adults is highest for people between what ages and ethnicity?
40 - 59 years of age, non-Hipsanic
What 3 racial/ ethnic groups have the highest age-adjusted rates of obesity in the U.S.?
Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White
What percentage of U.S. children is overweight or obese?
33%
Which two racial/ ethnic groups have the highest rates of childhood obesity?
Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black
Name risk factors for malnutrition - there are 9 total.
1) Low socioeconomic status
2) Poor food choices
3) Lifestyle of long work hours/ relying on fast-food meals
4) Chronic dieting
5) Chronic diseases
6) Dental/ oral issues
7) Limited access to sufficient food
8) Disorders that involve self-limitation of food
9) Illness/ trauma (increases nutritional need/ interferes with ability to ingest adequate nourishment)
How does over hydration/ fluid overload present itself?
“Fluid shifting” into physiological 3rd spaces: edema (extracellular), effusion, fluid retention
Assess client’s ability to access adequate fluids by considering what 5 factors?
Accessibility, chronic illness, age, SES, and excessively high environmental temperatures.
Define food allergen
An immune system response that occurs after eating a trigger food, which the body perceives as a threat, mounting a defense attack
T/F: A food allergy can present itself at any age.
True
What is the formula to calculate BMI?
(weight in pounds / height in inches, squared) x 703 = BMI
What range indicates a healthy BMI?
18.5 - 24.9
____ ____ is the most common measurement used to determine the extent of abdominal visceral fat in relation to body fat, and is a helpful indicator of health when used along with BMI.
Waist circumference
List some hydration assessment markers.
1) Decreased urinary output vs. excessive urination
2) Weight gain/ loss
3) Altered mental status
4) Evaluate BP and HR
5) Skin turgor
6) Pitting edema
7) Skin moisture
8) Tongue furrows/ dry
9) Sunken anterior fontanelle (infants)
10) Sunken eye, dark circles
11) Venous filling (> 3-5 sec)
12) Lung sounds
13) Visible neck veins
Define pitting edema
Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid throughout the body; often due to fluid imbalance.
Where are carbohydrates stored in the body?
The liver and muscle, for easy and rapid conversion to energy as needed
Simple vs. complex carbohydrates
Simple: simple-structure sugar that raises blood glucose levels, can be converted into energy quickly (i.e. fruit juice)
Complex: starches that convert into energy more slowly (i.e. whole grains)
Where are proteins stored in the body?
Muscle, skin, bone, blood, cartilage and lymph tissue
Name some functions of proteins.
1) Makes hormones (insulin)
2) Act as enzymes for chemical reactions (digestion)
3) Found in blood as plasma proteins (albumin) to maintain fluid and electrolyte imbalance
4) Maintain normal pH balance
5) Help transport oxygen and lipids through circulatory system
6) Protects immune system from disease and infection; assists with clotting
Name some functions of fats
1) Provides concentrated energy
2) Aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
3) Supplies essential fatty acids for healthy skin
4) Insulates skin, nerve fibers; lubricates skin to slow water loss
5) Protects internal organs
