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AP Euro Post-Review > Chapters 20 &21 > Flashcards

Chapters 20 &21 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Nationalism

  • the most powerful what?
  • based on the idea of…
A

Most powerful political ideology in Europe, based on the idea that a nation is composed of people with common bonds

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2
Q

What were 3 conflicts that Nationalists had with the Congress of Vienna? (EMP)

A

Ethnicity as a basis for political unity, opposed multinational states, thought popular sovereignty was the way to select rulers

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3
Q

What was the one difficulty Nationalism had?

A

Deciding which regions should become nations

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4
Q

What were the 6 regions of nationalistic pressures? (AGIIOP)

A

Austrian Empire, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Poland

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5
Q

What was the definition of Liberals according to Conservatives?

A

Anyone who challenged conservative ideals

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6
Q

What was the main political goal of 19th c. liberals? Where did they get their ideas from?

A

Equal redistribution of land

The Enlightenment

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7
Q

What type of economy did 19th c. liberals favor? They wanted an economy based on what 2 things? What type of wages did they want abolished?

A

Laissez-Faire Economics
Talent and merit
Government wages

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8
Q

What were the 3 pillars of 19th c. Conservatism?

A

Legitimate monarchies, Landed Aristocracy, Established Churches

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9
Q

Who was Klemens von Metternich? What did he epitomize? What did he lead?

A

Prince of Austria, 19th c. Conservatism, Congress of Vienna

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10
Q

What were the Burschenschaftens? Who were they made up of? Where did they take place? What were they dissolved by?

A

Student associations made up of Liberalists and Nationalists, Germany, Carlsbad Decrees

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11
Q

When and where did the Spa Field Riots take place? What 2 things were suspended as a result?

A

England, 1816; result = suspension of habeus corpus and seditious gatherings

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12
Q

What was the Peterloo Massacre? How many were killed? What was taking place during?

A

A conservative reaction to liberalism, 11 killed, a campaign to reform parliament

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13
Q

What were the 6 acts formed to prevent?

A

Radical leaders from agitating society

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14
Q

What type of monarch was Louis XVIII? What was his constitution?

A

Constitutional, The Charter

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15
Q

Who were the 4 major powers of the Congress of Vienna?

A

Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria

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16
Q

What was the goal of the Concert of Europe?

A

Maintain a balance of power against France and Russia

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17
Q

Who was Ferdinand VII? What was his relation to Napoleon? What type of monarch did he say he would be?

A

Spanish King, brother, constitutional

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18
Q

What was the main demand of the First Treaty of London?

A

For certain political powers to recognize Greece as independent

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19
Q

What was the spark of independence movements throughout Latin America?

A

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars

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20
Q

Who led the Haitian Rebellion? What did he do after he succeeded and who did he declare himself as?

A

Toussaint L’Overture, imposed an authoritarian constitution and declared himself Governor for Life

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21
Q

What was the significance of the Haitian Slave Rebellion?

A

It was the first successful Latin American revolt against Europe

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22
Q

What did Tsar Alexander I do regarding reforming Russia? Who did he end up suppressing?

A

He knew Russia needed reforms but turned away from them - ended up suppressing liberalism and nationalism

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23
Q

What was the event that exposed the backwardness of Russia to its soldiers?

A

Fighting Napoleon during the Napoleonic wars (being exposed to Western Liberalism)

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24
Q

Who was Tsar Alexander I’s successor? Relation?

A

Nicholas, younger brother

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25
Q

Were the Northern and Southern societies liberal or conservative? What was the southern society’s main goal? Northern?

A

Liberal
S: wanted abolition of serfdom
N: wanted a constitutional monarchy

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26
Q

What were Nicholas I’s views on serfdom?

A

He knew it was bad but knew Russia wasn’t ready to get rid of it

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27
Q

What was Nicholas I’s slogan?

A

“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism”

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28
Q

What was the significance of the Decembrist Revolt?

A

The first Russian rebellion in which its instigators had specific political goals

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29
Q

Where did Nicholas I set his infringements upon other countries?

A

Poland

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30
Q

What 4 things did the 4 Ordinances do? (Restricted, Dissolved, Limited, Called)

A

Restricted Freedom of Press
Dissolved Chamber of Deputies
Limited suffrage to the wealthy
Called for reelection

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31
Q

What kind of king was Charles X? What kind of policies did he impose and who were they against?

A

Divine Right King, conservative policies against liberals

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32
Q

What was Louis Phillipe’s Monarchy called? What kind of reforms did he impose during his early reign? He was responsible for expansion where?

A

July Monarchy, constitutional, Northern Africa

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33
Q

What was the Great Reform Bill’s impact on the English electorate? Consequently, what impact did it have on the British people?

A

expanded the size by 50%

people had less cause for revolt

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34
Q

What is Daniel O’Connell’s nickname? What was he the spokesman for? What did he push for?

A

“The Liberator”
Irish Nationalism
Catholic Emancipation

35
Q

Why did Great Britain support the Latin American independence movements?

A

So that when the wars were over, they had an ally to trade with

36
Q

What were the 5 major events taking place in 1830?

  • Freedom for 3 countries
  • Poland’s _________ __________
  • France?
A

Greece, Belgium, Serbia
November Uprising
July Revolution

37
Q

Who were the 5 French Rulers from 1804-1848? NLCLN

A

Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Phillipe, Napoleon III

38
Q

Where did the Industrial Revolution encourage Britain to invest in the early 19th c.?

A

North and South America

39
Q

What was France’s population change in the 19th c.?

A

32 million to 36 million

40
Q

When did the emancipation of serfs take place in…

  • France?
  • Prussia?
  • Austria?
  • Russia?
A

Fr: already freed
Prussia: 1815
Austria: 1848
Russia: 1861

41
Q

What were 2 causes of the Irish Potato Famine? What were 2 effects?

A

C: British controlled plantations that only had potatoes, blight
E: population drop (8 mil - 4.5 mil), emigration to US

42
Q

Where did the economic focus move to as a result of railway improvements?

A

Capital goods rather than consumer goods

43
Q

What was the limit of workers in the new labor marketplace?

A

Absolutely no say

44
Q

Who were the proletariate?

A

Industrial wage labor force

45
Q

Who were Chartist groups? What did they want to protect? Which group brought violence?

A

Workers association movements looking to protect the craft, Luddites

46
Q

The British Chartism movement was the first what?

A

Large scale political working class union

47
Q

What was the purpose behind the construction of the Crystal Palace?

A

Celebrate the progress made in industry and commerce

48
Q

What was the husband-wife relationship in early factories?

A

Husband = foreman; Wife = assistant

49
Q

What 3 things did the English Factory Act do?

A

No children under the age of 9 permitted to work
People could only work up to 9 hours
Owners had to provide 2 hours of education per day

50
Q

Work hours after 1847?

A

9 hours

51
Q

What class experienced division of labor into specific gender roles?

A

Women - more domestic

52
Q

When hiring women in a factory, they should preferably be ________. Their jobs required fewer _______, and they were paid ____.

A

single, skills, less

53
Q

Where did most women work in France in 1850?

A

Textile industry

54
Q

Where and when was the first organized police force?

A

France - 1828

55
Q

Describe the trends of criminal activity in Europe during the 19th c.

A

Slowly but steadily up until the emergence of police forces

56
Q

What was it called when the British government exiled their criminals? Why did they do it? Where did the criminals go?

A

Transportation, cheaper, Australia

57
Q

Where was the Auburn System and Philadelphia System modeled after? What was the focus?

A

USA prison systems, focus on the idea of separation

58
Q

What did classical economists believe was the only system that economic growth could be achieved through?

A

Capitalism

59
Q

What did classical economists believe the roles of government should be?

A

Maintain trade and infrastructure, protect currency, impose taxes, ensure entrepreneurial contracts were being enforced

60
Q

Explain the views of Thomas Malthus in his Essay on the Principle of Population.

A

food supply is linear, population growth is exponential, when the 2 lines intersect = Malthusian catastrophe

61
Q

Explain the ideas of David Ricardo in his Principle of Political Economy.

A

Iron Law of Wages

-wages up, population up, laborers up, wages down, population down, wages up

62
Q

What is utilitarianism? What is an example of it in the past and in the future?

A

The greatest good for the greatest number of people; past: Rousseau, future: Karl Marx

63
Q

What were 3 Utopian socialist movements?

A

Saint-simonianism, Owenism, Fourierism

64
Q

What was the main idea of Utopian Socialist Count Claude Henri de Saint Simon?

A

Technocracy - things should be managed by the experts

65
Q

What 3 things did anarchists reject? Who were the 2 examples we talked about (one is violent and one is mutualistic)

A

Capitalism, Industry, Government
Violent: August Blanchi
Mutualistic: Pierre Joseph Proudhon

66
Q

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto? What idea did it revolve around? Who came up with the idea?

A

Karl Marx, Revolution through Class Conflict (Engles & Marx)

67
Q

What were the 3 sources of inspiration for the Communist Manifesto?

A

Hegelian Philosophy, Utopian Socialists, Classical Economists

68
Q

In what 5 placed did the Revolutions of 1848 occur?

A

France, Hungary, Czech, Northern Italy, Prussia

69
Q

Who were revolutionaries in 1848? (PUN)

A

political liberals, urban workers, nationalists

70
Q

What were the results of the 1848 Revolutions?

A

All ultimately failed

71
Q

What were the 2 confrontations with the public Louis Philipe had?

A

February Days, June Days Uprising

72
Q

Where was the origin of the 1848 revolutions?

A

France

73
Q

French Revolution of 1848: Why does Little Napoleon stage a coup d’etat? In what year does he become Emperor Napoleon?

A

A law is passed stating he can’t run for reelection, 1852

74
Q

Who were the 2 prominent feminist movements in France?

A

Vesuvians and Voix de Femmes

75
Q

Where were the 4 regions of revolution in the Habsburg Empire?

A

Vienna, Hungary, Czech, N. Italy

76
Q

What was the main action of the Hungarians during their revolution?

A

Magyarization

77
Q

Why was there a split between the German working class and German liberals?

A

The Frankfurt Parliament’s failure to provide meaningful legislation to workers

78
Q

Why is the 19th c. called the age of isms?

A

Secular ideologies began to take hold in opposition to the political and social status quo

79
Q

Where was the hottest spot for liberal nationalistic revolts?

A

Austrian Empire

80
Q

What were 4 conservative measures of Lord Liverpool’s Tory?

A

Corn Law, universal sales tax, Combination Acts, removal of wage protection

81
Q

What were some of Louis XVIII’s conservative measures in the charter?

A

hereditary monarchy, promised not to challenge property rights

82
Q

What was the Protocol of Troppau? Why was it considered conservative?

A

It allowed for “stable” countries to intervene in another country if revolt was taking place, it contained liberalism

83
Q

What romantic writer fought in the Greek Revolution? What did he die from?

A

Lord Byron, cholera

AP Euro Post-Review (12 decks)

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