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American History 8 - McQuaid > Chapters 22 & 23 Review > Flashcards

Chapters 22 & 23 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1920 who promised to return the country to ‘normalcy’?

A

Warren Harding

Warren Harding won the presidential election by a landslide.

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2
Q

What is the term for the reduction or limitation of military armaments?

A

disarmament

Disarmament refers to the process of reducing or eliminating military forces and weaponry.

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3
Q

Who became President in 1923 after Warren Harding suffered a heart attack?

A

Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge was Harding’s Vice President before assuming the presidency.

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4
Q

What is the definition of communism?

A

an economic and political system in which the state owns the means of production and a single party rules

Communism seeks to create a classless society where goods are distributed according to need.

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5
Q

Who were the people that oppose all organized government?

A

anarchists

Anarchists believe in the abolition of government and the organization of society on a voluntary, cooperative basis.

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6
Q

What contributed to the unpopularity of Wilson and the Democrats after WWI?

A

The mishandling of the Treaty of Versailles and a failing economy

Factors included high inflation, rising unemployment, and a brief economic recession.

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7
Q

What resulted from the Washington Naval Arms Conference of 1921?

A

The U.S., Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed to limit the size of their navies

This was part of efforts to prevent naval arms races after WWI.

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8
Q

What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact aim to do?

A

outlaw war and condemn military aggression

The pact was signed by multiple nations but failed to enforce any penalties for violations.

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9
Q

Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact unsuccessful?

A

It imposed no punishment on a country that acted aggressively

This lack of enforcement made the pact ineffective in preventing war.

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10
Q

How did the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia lead to the Red Scare in the USA?

A

Postwar strikes made some Americans afraid that a revolution was beginning

The fear of communism and radicalism increased during this period.

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11
Q

Why did many Americans want to limit immigration in the 1920s?

A

Fear of radicalism from communists and anarchists

Concerns included the belief that immigrants would take jobs or drive down wages, overwhelming mainstream culture.

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12
Q

Who was Albert B. Fall?

A

He was the first presidential cabinet member ever to be sent to prison

Albert B. Fall secretly leased the land on Teapot Dome, Wymoning, to an oil man, in exchange for a $400,000 bribe.

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13
Q

What is the 18th Amendment?

A

Ratified in 1919, it prohibited the making, selling, or transporting of alcohol in the USA

The 18th Amendment initiated Prohibition in the United States.

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14
Q

What are bootleggers?

A

Nickname given to people that smuggled liquor

Bootleggers were active during Prohibition, supplying illegal alcohol.

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15
Q

What are speakeasies?

A

Illegal taverns or bars that served alcohol

Speakeasies emerged as secret venues for consuming alcohol during Prohibition.

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16
Q

What is the 21st Amendment?

A

Ratified in 1933, it repealed the 18th Amendment and made alcohol legal again in the USA

The 21st Amendment marked the end of Prohibition.

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17
Q

What was the Great Migration?

A

Movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities

This migration was driven by the search for better job opportunities and to escape segregation.

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18
Q

Who were flappers? What were they known for?

A

they were women in the 1920s who rebelled against traditional ways of thinking and acting

They wore bright makeup and short skirts, smoked in public, and wore their hair in a style known as a bob.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Prohibition led to a temporary decline in alcohol consumption as ________ shut down.

A

saloons

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20
Q

What was a negative effect of prohibition?

A

the law was impossible to enforce and increased organized crime

Prohibition contributed to the rise of criminal organizations that supplied illegal alcohol.

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21
Q

How did flappers represent the spirit of the 1920s?

A

They challenged traditional norms and embraced new freedoms

Flappers were emblematic of the cultural shifts occurring in the 1920s.

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22
Q

How did automobiles change the lives of Americans?

A

They increased personal mobility, allowing people to travel farther for work and leisure activities

Automobiles contributed to the growth of suburbs and new industries along highways.

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23
Q

Why did the Scopes Trial in Tennessee become a national sensation?

A

It showed the clash between modern science and traditional religious beliefs

The trial highlighted the cultural divide between urban and rural America.

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24
Q

What was one positive effect of the Great Migration?

A

It gave African Americans new job opportunities

This migration allowed many to escape the oppressive conditions of the South.

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25
What was one negative effect of the Great Migration?
It led to increased racial tensions and discrimination in Northern cities ## Footnote Many race riots broke out as a result of these tensions.
26
What dance fads expressed the energy and optimism of the 1920s?
The Charleston, the Lindy Hop, the Black Bottom, and the Breakaway ## Footnote The Charleston especially was a popular dance that became a symbol of the Jazz Age.
27
Who was known as 'Shipwreck Kelly'?
Alvin Kelly
28
What was the duration of Alvin Kelly's flagpole sitting?
49 days ## Footnote His endurance act captured public attention and showcased the era's fascination with endurance feats.
29
Which baseball player was a hero of the 1920s?
Babe Ruth ## Footnote Babe Ruth was one of the most iconic figures in baseball history.
30
Which boxer was celebrated during the 1920s?
Jack Dempsey ## Footnote Jack Dempsey was known for his formidable boxing skills and popularity.
31
Who was the most loved hero of the decade?
Charles Lindbergh ## Footnote Charles Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in 1927 symbolized American innovation and spirit.
32
What was the significance of Charles Lindbergh's flight?
It symbolized American energy and optimism ## Footnote Lindbergh's flight was a major achievement in aviation history.
33
Name a famous swimmer from the 1920s.
Johnny Weissmuller ## Footnote Johnny Weissmuller later became famous for portraying Tarzan in films.
34
Who were two notable tennis stars of the 1920s?
Bill Tilden and Helen Wills ## Footnote Both players were dominant figures in tennis during the Jazz Age.
35
Fill in the blank: _______ was a fad that involved sitting atop a flagpole.
flagpole sitting ## Footnote This activity was part of a series of endurance challenges popular in the 1920s.
36
Which golf champion was a hero of the 1920s?
Bobby Jones ## Footnote Bobby Jones is remembered as one of the greatest golfers in history.
37
Which football player was famous in the 1920s?
Red Grange
38
Besides flagpole sitting, what were some other fads popular in the 1920s?
dance marathons and mah-jongg
39
Which city is known as the “birthplace” of jazz music?
New Orleans ## Footnote Jazz was born in the nightclubs and dance halls of New Orleans.
40
What elements does jazz combine?
Jazz is a mixture of African, Caribbean, Southern, and European rhythms and harmonies ## Footnote This blend is essential to the development of jazz.
41
What were some famous 1920s jazz artists?
Louis Armstrong, Bessi Smith, and Duke Ellington ## Footnote Louis Armstrong learned to play the trumpet while growing up in a New Orleans orphanage. Bessi Smith and Duke Ellington became "goodwill ambassadors" abroad, performing in many countries.
42
What two elements does jazz emphasize?
improvisation and experimentation ## Footnote These elements are key to the performance and enjoyment of jazz.
43
The novels written in the 1920s were very polarized. Some reflected of the era’s _________, while others criticized its ________.
exuberance, excesses ## Footnote This reflects the sentiments and observations of the time.
44
What novel did F. Scott Fitzgerald write? What was its goal?
The Great Gatsby; to show the meek and bland life of the rich ## Footnote This novel critiques the American Dream and reflects the disillusionment of the 1920s.
45
Sinclair Lewis’s _______ criticized middle-class American life.
Babbitt ## Footnote This novel critiques the conformist attitudes of American middle-class life.
46
What was a popular antiwar novel?
*A Farewell to Arms* by Ernest Hemingway ## Footnote This novel is set during World War I and addresses the horrors of war.
47
In a NYC neighborhood, a vibrant African American culture known as what occurred?
Harlem Renaissance ## Footnote This cultural movement celebrated African American culture, arts, and literature.
48
In contrast to white writers, African Americans wrote about _______ prejudice.
racial ## Footnote This reaction is evident in the themes of their works during the Harlem Renaissance.
49
What did Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Zora Neale Hurston all have in common?
their works all expressed pride in their race ## Footnote These authors contributed significantly to the literary landscape of the Harlem Renaissance.
50
What is installment buying?
Buying on credit ## Footnote This allows consumers to purchase items by paying in installments over time.
51
Define bull market.
A period of rising stock prices ## Footnote Indicates investor confidence and economic growth.
52
Define bear market.
A period of falling stock prices ## Footnote Reflects investor pessimism and economic decline.
53
What does buying on margin mean?
Borrowing money in order to buy stocks ## Footnote This practice can amplify both gains and losses in stock trading.
54
Who was Herbert Hoover?
Republican candidate for president in 1928 who pledged 'a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage' ## Footnote Hoover's campaign focused on prosperity and welfare.
55
Who was Alfred E. Smith?
Democratic candidate for president in 1928, he was the first Catholic to ever run for president ## Footnote His candidacy faced significant challenges due to anti-Catholic sentiment.
56
What caused the economy to boom following WWI?
Companies switched from military to consumer goods, consumers had more income, and businesses offered installment buying ## Footnote New advertising methods also contributed to the rise of consumer culture.
57
What factors increased consumer spending in the 1920s?
Installment buying, new advertising, and appealing electric appliances ## Footnote These factors targeted the American homemaker and encouraged more purchases.
58
Why were many investors willing to take out loans to buy stock?
Stocks were extremely profitable, and rising markets made it seem like a quick way to make money ## Footnote This led to a situation where investors bought more stocks than they could afford.
59
Why were the 1920s a bad time for farmers?
Many nations were too poor to buy surplus American crops, leading to unpaid land debts ## Footnote This economic struggle was exacerbated by overproduction and falling prices.
60
Why did Hoover defeat Smith in the 1928 election?
The 1920s economic growth benefited Republicans, and Smith faced anti-Catholic sentiment ## Footnote Hoover's association with prosperity helped secure his victory.
61
At the height of the Red Scare, two Italian immigrants were executed for the robbery and murder of employees in Massachusetts. What were their names?
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti ## Footnote Little evidence was presented that Sacco and Vanzetti were guilty of the charges. Rather, the prosecution focused on the fact that both defendants ere foreigners and anarchists. They were convicted in 1921 and executed in 1927.
62
``` "Up, you mighty race, you can accomplish what you will." ``` Who coined this quote?
Marcus Garvey ## Footnote Arriving in American in 1916, Garvey created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The UNIA sponsored activities to promote black pride and black unity. It also encouraged African Americans to move permanently to Africa.
63
What is overproduction?
A situation in which the supply of manufactured goods exceeds the demand ## Footnote Overproduction leads to price drops and economic issues.
64
What does bankruptcy mean?
Financial failure caused by a company's inability to pay its debts ## Footnote This term is crucial in understanding economic downturns.
65
What is a default?
To fail to repay a loan ## Footnote Defaults can lead to severe financial consequences for both individuals and businesses.
66
What were public works projects?
Government funded projects such as roads, bridges, and dams that benefit the public ## Footnote These projects were often used to stimulate the economy.
67
What is a bonus?
An extra payment ## Footnote Bonuses can be given for various reasons, including performance incentives.
68
Who were the Bonus Army?
20,000 WWI veterans who in 1932 marched to Washington D.C. to demand their bonus payments ## Footnote Congress had approved a bonus, or extra payment, of $1,000 for every veteran of World War I. This bonus was not to be paid until 1945. Made desperate by the Depression, some veterans demanded immediate payment.
69
What occurred on Black Tuesday?
The stock market crumbled completely ## Footnote This event marked the beginning of the Great Depression.
70
Why was overproduction a problem?
Too much supply with not enough demand caused prices to drop, hurting business profits ## Footnote This led to layoffs and shutdowns, worsening the economic situation.
71
How did failing farms worsen the banking crisis?
Struggling farmers found it impossible to repay their bank loans, leading many banks to go out of business ## Footnote The interconnection between agriculture and banking was critical during the Depression.
72
What were Hoovervilles?
Communities of rundown shacks that homeless people occupied ## Footnote Named after President Hoover, they symbolized the failure to address poverty.
73
What were Hoover blankets?
The newspapers that people in Hoovervilles slept under ## Footnote This term reflects the desperation of those affected by the economic crisis.
74
Who did Hoover believe should help Americans during the Depression?
Business leaders and local governments ## Footnote Hoover was reluctant to involve the federal government in direct relief efforts. However, he eventually realized voluntary action alone would not relieve the crisis. In 1932, he formed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to fund critical businesses, such as banks, insurance companies, and railroads. However, the economic situation continued to worsen.
75
What was one effect of the violent removal of the Bonus Army?
One veteran died, 100 veterans were injured, and the tent city was left in smoldering ruin ## Footnote This incident had a significant impact on public perception of Hoover's administration.
76
Why did Roosevelt easily beat Hoover in the 1932 presidential election?
Many Americans blamed Hoover for the Great Depression and wanted change.
77
What was the goal of FDR's bank holiday?
To halt the nationwide epidemic of bank failures and propose the Emergency Banking Relief Act.
78
What were the three goals of the New Deal?
* Relief for the jobless * Promoting Economic Recovery * Reforming the economic system
79
What were two criticisms of the New Deal?
* Conservatives claimed it went too far in regulating businesses * Liberals thought it did not go far enough in helping the poor
80
How did the Supreme Court threaten the New Deal?
By declaring the NRA unconstitutional, threatening FDR's economic revival plans.
81
How did FDR's plan to increase the size of the Supreme Court threaten separation of powers?
It could lead to all Democratic justices, eliminating opposition in one branch of government.
82
FERA
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration granted funds to states so they could reopen closed relief agencies.
83
WPA
The Works Progress Administration put people to work building or repairing public buildings and infrastructure.
84
NRA
The National Recovery Administration aimed to keep prices stable while boosting employment and buying power.
85
PWA
The Public Works Administration was granted over $3 billion to build large public-works projects.
86
TVA
The Tennessee Valley Authority built dams along the Tennessee River for flood control and cheap electricity.
87
FDIC
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation protected bank depositors by guaranteeing individual deposits.
88
CCC
The Civilian Conservation Corps hired young men to work in national parks and build infrastructure.
89
True or False: The New Deal aimed to provide relief for the jobless.
True
90
Fill in the blank: The _______ aimed to keep prices stable while boosting employment and buying power.
NRA
91
Fill in the blank: The _______ was granted over $3 billion to build large public-works projects.
PWA
92
Fill in the blank: The _______ protected bank depositors by guaranteeing individual deposits up to $2,500.
FDIC ## Footnote This is still in effect today, adjusted for inflation.
93
What challenges did women face during the Great Depression?
Women schoolteachers or librarians competed for jobs with men who had lost their work. Female factory workers were more likely to lose jobs or have wages cut. Maids, seamstresses, and housekeepers lost jobs due to fewer people affording domestic help. ## Footnote The economic strain led to increased competition and job loss among women across various sectors.
94
In what way was Eleanor Roosevelt a role model for women during the Depression?
Eleanor Roosevelt made frequent radio speeches, wrote daily newspaper columns, championed women's rights, held press conferences for female reporters, and urged FDR to appoint more women to government positions. ## Footnote Her activism and visibility set a precedent for women's involvement in politics.
95
Why do some people say FDR had a "mixed record" for civil rights?
FDR had a mixed record on civil rights, failing to support a federal antilynching bill but appointing 100 African Americans to government posts and creating a 'Black Cabinet'. ## Footnote This indicates the complexities of his presidency regarding race relations.
96
What was the Black Cabinet?
A group of high-ranking appointees who advised the President on African American issues. ## Footnote This cabinet played a significant role in addressing the concerns of African Americans during FDR's presidency.
97
Why were many Mexican Americans expelled from the country during the Great Depression?
White Americans didn't want to compete with them for wages. ## Footnote Economic competition intensified racial tensions and led to the expulsion of many Mexican Americans.
98
What were the causes of the Dust Bowl?
Modern farming techniques contributed, including mechanical farming equipment and the clearing of large land plots, which removed native grasses that held the dry soil in place. ## Footnote The loss of the sod layer led to soil erosion and dust storms.
99
Why were Californians scornful of the Dust Bowl migrants?
Californians didn't want to compete with the migrants and felt their arrival would worsen the existing economic conditions. ## Footnote This sentiment reflected broader fears of resource competition during the Depression.
100
How did movies and the radio help Americans during the Great Depression?
They helped Americans forget their problems and enjoy the present moment. ## Footnote Entertainment served as a crucial escape from the harsh realities of the Depression.
101
Who was the only female in FDR's Black Cabinet?
Mary McLeod Bethune
102
What is the significance of this photo?
captured by Dorothea Lang, it's considered the most classic symbol of the Great Depression
103
What is payroll tax?
A tax that removes money directly from workers' paychecks ## Footnote Payroll taxes are used to fund social insurance programs such as Social Security.
104
What is collective bargaining?
The right of a union to negotiate wages and benefits for all its members ## Footnote Collective bargaining is a key process in labor relations.
105
Who was Frances Perkins?
FDR's Secretary of Labor and the first woman to serve in a presidential cabinet ## Footnote Frances Perkins played a significant role in the development of the New Deal.
106
Who was John L. Lewis?
He formed the CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations) in 1935 as an umbrella organization consisting of many other unions ## Footnote John L. Lewis was a prominent labor leader.
107
What is a sit-down strike?
Workers stay in the factory but stop production ## Footnote Sit-down strikes were a tactic used by labor unions to protest working conditions.
108
What is deficit spending?
A situation in which the government spends more money than it receives in taxes ## Footnote Deficit spending can be used to stimulate economic growth.
109
What are some key components of the Social Security program?
Aid to retired people, dependent children, disabled people, unemployed, and to widowed wives ## Footnote Social Security aims to provide financial support to vulnerable populations.
110
How did the Social Security Act pay for pensions for retired Americans?
It required a payroll tax ## Footnote The payroll tax funds Social Security benefits for retirees.
111
How did the Wagner Act protect workers?
It guaranteed workers' rights to organize into unions and prohibited unfair business practices ## Footnote The Wagner Act is also known as the National Labor Relations Act.
112
What is one argument against the New Deal?
Government programs threatened individual freedom and free enterprise ## Footnote Critics argued that the New Deal increased government intervention in the economy.
113
What is one argument in favor of the New Deal?
It employed millions of jobless people and improved working conditions ## Footnote Supporters of the New Deal believe it provided essential relief during the Great Depression.

American History 8 - McQuaid (14 decks)

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