Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Bio > Chapters 22 and 19 > Flashcards

Chapters 22 and 19 Flashcards

(59 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Adaptation

A

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Analogous

A

Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Artificial selection

A

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Biogeography

A

The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Evolutionary tree

A

A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Evolution

A

Descent with modification; the process by which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fossil

A

A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar in function because of common ancestry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Paleontology

A

The scientific study of fossils.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stratum

A

(plural, strata) A rock layer formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vestigial structure

A

A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism’s ancestors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Capsid

A

The protein shell that encloses a viral genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Host range

A

The limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

A type of phage replicative cycle. the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage, is replicated along with the chromosome, and does not kill the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lytic cycle

A

A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phage

A

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prions

A

An infectious agent that is a misfolded version of a normal cellular protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do prions increase in number?

A

converting correctly folded versions of the protein to more prions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Prophage

Study These Flashcards
A

A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on a bacterial chromosome.

25
Provirus
A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome.
26
Retrovirus
An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome;
27
Reverse transcriptase
An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
28
Temperate phage
A phage that is capable of replicating by either a lytic or lysogenic cycle.
29
Vaccine
A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host's immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen.
30
Viral envelope
A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome.
31
Virulent phage
A phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle.
32
Virus
An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell
33
What does a virus consist of?
an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.
34
Double stranded DNA virus
Can insert directly into host's genome (prophage) to be transcribed and translated into the viral proteins
35
RNA positive strand
Single stranded DNA which can serve as mRNA in protein synthesis
36
RNA negative strand
single stranded RNA complimentary to what will ultimately be the viral mRNA
37
What do organisms that share a common ancestry show?
similar nucleotide sequences, greater number of conserved traits, homologies (Structural similarities)
38
Why are vestigial structures reduced over time?
organisms lose it by accumulation of mutations wherein the organism gains an advantage if its smaller
39
Allopatric speciation
Populations split into different species due to geographical separation
40
Sympatric speciation
POpulations not physically separated but speciate via other means
41
Punctuated equilibrium
variable pace in speciation, large scale changes in short periods
42
gradualism
small changes spread over long periods of time cause speciation
43
Why do most populations stay homozygous until some method of segregation is introduced?
gene flow
44
Point mutation
A single base is removed and replaced by a different base (result: diff amino acid produced)
45
Frame shift
Frame is shifted one base downstream after a change happens (insertion or deletion)
46
Double stranded breaks
result of radiation damage, breaks whole double helix
47
What are some fixes for double stranded breaks?
Transcriptions (use other chromosomes as models), apoptosis
48
What are slipped mispairings?
Strands of repeated code mispairing, resulting in a loop (often excised)
49
What is a triplet expansion
Regions of repeated codes growing in length due to copying errors
50
What are the prezygotic barriers to gene flow?
Ecological (feeding niches), behavioral (mating dances), temporal (breeding seasons), mechanical (breeding structures different)
51
What happens in inversions resulting in unequal crossing over?
Loop forms in synapsis, one chromosome pairing inverts causing exchange of unequal lengths, the two chromosomes no longer homologs
52
what is transposition
segments move from one region of a chromosome to another
53
how does transposition happen?
Enzymes help it along
54
Whose ideas is the scale of nature based off of (ladder)
Aristotle
55
Who founded binomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus
56
What is insertional inactivation?
occurs via transposition, receiving end of the insertion is altered in function or disrupted
57
What do phylogenic trees show?
**Chronology** of development of related groups
58
What do cladograms show?
Degrees of relatedness through common traits
59
Convergent evolution
Independent evolution of similar features in species unrelated to one another

AP Bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions