Chapters 25 and 26 Flashcards
(39 cards)
Dumbbell tenement
The dumbbell tenement was 7-8 stories high and had shallow, sunless air shafts in the middle to provide ventilation. Several families on a floor would share a hallway toilet.
“New Immigrants”
The “New Immigrants” of the 1880s-1920s came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Many didn’t speak English, were orthodox Christians or Jewish, and lived in ethnic enclaves in cities.
Nativist sentiment rose in America— was the US becoming a “dumping ground” rather than a “melting pot?”
nativism
Nativism (antiforeignism) emerged in force in the 1880s.
Jane Addams (Hull House)
Jane Addams opened Hull House (a settlement house) in Chicago to help women and children by offering daycare, counseling, and English instruction
American Protective Association
The APA was a nativist group that claimed 1 million members
“social gospel”
This is the idea that churches should do more to help society. A new generation of liberal Protestants believed this.
Salvation Army
The Salvation Army (founded in England) was established in America in 1880. Its aim was to help the poor (and convert them to Christianity). Women wore padded bonnets to protect them from abuse as they were being attacked for converting people
YMCA/YWCA
The “Young Men’s Christian Association” and the “Young Women’s Christian Association” combined religious and physical education.
Fundamentalists vs. Modernists
A rift split Fundamentalists, who believed that Scripture is the infallible word for God, from Modernists, who saw some room for interpretation
Chautauqua Movement
The Chautauqua Movement (1874) provided lectures featuring well-known speakers and courses for home study (William J. Bryan was the most popular speaker)
Booker T. Washington
(accommodationist approach) vs. W.E.B. DuBois (equality/NAACP)
Booker T. Washington’s accommodationist approach, as expressed in the Atlanta Compromise, aimed for Black people to learn useful trades (Self Help) so they could gain self respect and economic security in a white world. He taught Black students at the Tuskegee Institute in AL. He believed in postponing the campaign for equality
W.E.B Du Bois (Dr. William Edqard Burghardt) demanded equality for Black people and helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which developed out of the Niagara Movement. Du Bois was the first Black man to receive a PHD from Harvard
“yellow journalism”
Joseph Pulitzer’s colored comics, featuring the “Yellow Kid” gave the name “yellow journalism” to sensationalist reporting
Comstock Law
The Comstock Law of 1873 was the first of its kind, banning the mailing of pornographic images. This law was later used against the mailing of information about birth control.
Carrie Chapman Catt (NAWSA)
Carrie Chapman Catt became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), founded in 1890.
She argued that women needed to vote in order to fulfill their traditional duties of wife/mother in the increasingly public world.
WCTU (Frances Willard, Carrie A. Nation)
Militant women encouraged temperance through the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874)
Frances Willard was the head of this organization but isn’t talked about much
Carrie A. Nation (the Kansas Cyclone” smashed saloons with her hatchet. She was arrested over 30 times between 1900 and 1910. Her first husband died of alcoholism.
literature (“Lowbrow,” Regionalism, Realism, Naturalism)
“Lowbrow” fiction was generally inexpensive and easy-to-read.
Realism was authors finding subjects for their work in the world around them.
Naturalism was writers that sought to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of humans
Regionalism was writers that sought to chronicle the peculiarities of local ways before the coming of industrialization
“Concentration” system
“Concentration” system: First Treaty of Ft. Laramie (1851) and Treaty of Ft. Atkinson (1853) attempted to restrict tribes to certain areas.
Sand Creek
Sand Creek (1864): Tensions increased in the Denver area following the murder of a white family by a “Cheyenne/Arapaho” (not known which one) raiding party
Cheyenne chief Black Kettle initiated peace talks with the local fort commander; the Cheyenne agreed to remain in their camp
Goaded by Gov. Evans, Col. Chivington’s men massacred and mutilated the bodies of around 150 Cheyenne (old men, women, kids) Warriors were out hunting; “Dog Soldiers” were not living among the group. Retaliation followed.
Chivington resigned from the military, sparing himself court martial. Reparations to the Cheyenne were promised but never paid (not needed info tho)
Fetterman massacre
(1866): A Lakota/Cheyenne/Arapaho war party ambushed Captain Fetterman’s men, who were guarding the Bozeman Trail in Wyoming (connecting Ft. Laramie to Montana’s gold fields) All 81 Soldiers (including Fetterman) were killed and mutilated. It’s part of Red Cloud’s War.
Second Treaty of Ft. Laramie
(1868): the gov promised the Teton Sioux, Dakota, and Arapaho people a reservation and the rights to the Black Hills.
Gold was found in the Black Hills in 1874, prompting the US gov to seize the land
Great Sioux War
The Sioux, inspired by the visions of Chief Sitting Bull, fought the American forces in the Great Sioux War of 1876.
Teton (Lakota) Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho fought the US army
Sitting Bull
He got his name from sitting in the middle of a battle and calmly smoking a pipe because he had a vision that he would be unharmed.
George Custer
George A Custer’s Seventh Cavalry (among others) were sent out to suppress the American Indian population in the West.
He was called “Yellow Hair”, “Long Hair”, “Curly: He was vain about his appearance and arrogant in his actions
He graduated bottom of his class at West Point due to his not following orders. But he was excellent at combat.
Custer attacked a force of 2500 with only 264 men. Every white man was killed because he was told to wait for reinforcements but he chose not to wait
Consequently, the US army relentlessly hunted down the Sioux and put them on reservations.
Chief Joseph (Nez Perce)
A Nez Perce band under Hinmahtooyahlatkekt (meaning Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain) (Chief Joseph) fled toward Canada in 1877 but was followed by the US Army and captured 40 miles from the border.
The Nez Perce were sent to Oklahoma, where 40 percent died from disease
“From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more, forever.” Chief Joseph, he said this while surrendering.
