Chapters 3 & 4

Question 1

Transduction

Answer 1

the conversion of sensory information into a neural signal which is processes by your nervous system

Question 2

Sensory Threshold

Answer 2

the point where a stimulus is strong enough to be detected by your sensory receptors

Question 3

Absolute Threshold

Answer 3

smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half of the time

Question 4

Sensory Adaption

Answer 4

gradual decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus; takes less than a minute

Question 5

Pacinian Corpuscle

Answer 5

receptor responsible for pressure signals

Question 6

Vestibular Sense

Answer 6

responsible for balance and equilibrium

Question 7

Semicircular canals; vestibular sacs

Answer 7

in ear; filled with fluid that shifts in response to movement

Question 8

Sense

Answer 8

involving location/position of your body parts in relation to one another or environment

Question 9

Proprioceptors

Answer 9

sensory neurons in muscles and joints

Question 10

Outer Ear

Answer 10

pina, ear canal, eardrum

Question 11

Middle Ear

Answer 11

hammer, anvil stirrup

Question 12

Oval Window

Answer 12

separates middle ear from inner ear

Question 13

Inner Ear

Answer 13

Cochlea; fluid filled, spiral tube

Question 14

Basilar Membrane

Answer 14

runs the length of the cochlea and contains receptors

Question 15

Vision

Answer 15

sensation and process of electromagnetic energy

Question 16

Cornea

Answer 16

clear membrane that gathers and directs incoming light

Question 17

Pupil

Answer 17

opening in the middle of iris that changes sizes/amounts of light

Question 18

Iris

Answer 18

colored part of the eye/the muscle that controls the pupil

Question 19

Lens

Answer 19

transparent structure behind pupil; focuses and blends the light

Question 20

Accommodation

Answer 20

lens changing shape to focus and direct light to the retina

Question 21

Retina

Answer 21

thin membrane in back of the eye; contains sensory receptors

Question 22

Rods

Answer 22

long; thin, blunt receptor; peripheral and night vision

Question 23

Cones

Answer 23

short, thick, pointed receptor; color and visual acuity

Question 24

Blind spot

Answer 24

part of the retina with no rods or cones

Question 25

Monocular cues

Answer 25

helps us with depth perception

Question 26

Induced motion

Answer 26

we perceive movement by comparing an object to it's background

Question 27

Illusions

Answer 27

misconceptions about the true characteristics of an object or image

Question 28

Perception

Answer 28

process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory information

Question 29

Figure/ground relationship

Answer 29

relying on shapes to organize objects

Question 30

Figure/ground reversal

Answer 30

perceiving an image in 2 different ways

Question 31

Consciousness

Answer 31

immediate awareness of thoughts, sensations and memories of the world around you

Question 32

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 32

24-hour cycle of daily functions, biological and psychological processes.

Question 33

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 33

cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; biological clock

Question 34

Melatonin

Answer 34

hormone that makes you drowsy and sleepy

Question 35

Electroencephalograph

Answer 35

instrument used to monitor brain activity during sleep

Question 36

REM Sleep

Answer 36

Rapid eye movement; dreaming

Question 37

NREM

Answer 37

quiet; slow brain activity

Question 38

Myoclonic jerk

Answer 38

involuntary muscle spasm

Question 39

hyponagogic hallucination

Answer 39

sensation of floating or falling

Question 40

Sleep Cycle Stage 1

Answer 40

theta waves (rapid); sounds fade; images fade; short in duration ( a few minutes)

Question 41

Sleep Cycle Stage 2 - True Sleep

Answer 41

delta waves (slower); rhythmic breathing; 15-20 minute duration

Question 42

Sleep Cycle Stage 3 - Slow Wave sleep

Answer 42

20% delta wave

Question 43

Sleep Cycle Stage 4 - Slow Wave Sleep

Answer 43

50% delta wave; 20-40 minutes long

Question 44

Sleep Apnea

Answer 44

when you stop breathing while you are sleeping

Question 45

Narcolepsy

Answer 45

daytime sleepiness and/or sleep lapses

Question 46

Insomnia

Answer 46

inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or feel rested

Question 47

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Answer 47

acting out your dreams

Question 48

Sleep walking

Answer 48

first 3 hours of sleep; common in kids

Question 49

Night Terrors

Answer 49

living out a nightmare

Question 50

Sleep Patterns

Answer 50

increase in age = decrease in REM sleep Birth = 16 hours a day sleeping; 50% of it in REM

Question 51

by Age 40 sleep pattern

Answer 51

waking up more during the night

Question 52

by age 60+ sleep pattern

Answer 52

only 6 hours of sleep; mostly in light sleep

Question 53

lack of sleep can lead to...

Answer 53

mood disruption, slow reaction time, poor perception, bad motor skills, low blood sugar, lower metabolism, endocrine system malfunction

Question 54

Dreaming

Answer 54

story like episode involving characters and events that often reflect our daily concerns

Question 55

5 characteristics of dreams

Answer 55

involve intense emotion, illogical and unorganized, bizarre sensations, we accept bizarre details, difficult to remember

Question 56

Psychoactive drugs

Answer 56

chemical substances that alter perception and sensation

Question 57

Depressants

Answer 57

inhibit brain activity; alcohol, tranquilizers, inhalants, xanax

Question 58

Opiates

Answer 58

relieve pain and induce euphoria; mimic endorphins; morphine, heroin, fentanyl

Question 59

Stimulants

Answer 59

Excite brain activity; caffeine, nicotine, cocaine

Question 60

Psychedelic drugs

Answer 60

distort reality; LSD, Marijuana, Peyote, Mushrooms

Question 61

Designer Drugs

Answer 61

Ecstasy, PCP