Chapters 3, 4 & 6 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Studies the steps involved in forming a visual image
A
Cognitive Science Approach
2
Q
First to cause an action potential
A
Ganglion Cell Response
3
Q
Temporal lob association are damaged
A
Prosopagnosia
4
Q
Parts all working at same time, put together to make picture (color, movement, form, distance)
A
Parallel Processing
5
Q
Top Down Processing
Mind adds something to sensations to determine what we see
A
Gestalt Psychologists
6
Q
The process of detecting environmental stimuli or stimuli arising from the body
A
Sensation
7
Q
The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
A
Perception
8
Q
The translation of incoming sensory information into neural signals
A
Transduction
9
Q
Changes electromagnetic energy into electrochemical energy (rods and cones)
A
Transduction
10
Q
The tendency to pay less attention to a non changing source of stimulation
A
Sensory Adaption
11
Q
Perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions
A
Bottom-Up Processing
12
Q
Color, Movement, Location
A
Dorsal Stream
13
Q
Objects and People
A
Ventral Stream
14
Q
A perceptual process in which memory and other cognitive processes are required for interpreting incoming sensory information
A
Top-Down Processing
15
Q
The study of relationships between the physical qualities of stimuli and the subjective responses they produce
A
Psychophysics
16
Q
Allows us to establish the limits of awareness (thresholds) for each of our sensory system
A
Psychophysics
17
Q
The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected
A
Absolute Threshold
18
Q
The smallest detectable different between two stimuli
A
Difference Threshold
19
Q
The analysis of sensory and decision making processes in the detection of faint, uncertain stimuli
A
Signal Detection
20
Q
The sense that allows us to process reflected light
A
Vision
21
Q
The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the processes of directing light to the retina
A
Cornea
22
Q
An opening formed by the iris
A
Pupil
23
Q
The brightly color circular muscle surrounding the pupil of the eye
A
Iris
24
Q
Adjusts the opening of the pupil in response to the amount of light present in the environment and to signals from the ANS
A
Iris
25
The clear structure behind the pupil that bends light toward the retina
Adjust our focus to see near or distant objects
Lens
26
Layers of visual processing cells in the back of the eye
Retina
27
Contains rods and cones that transduce light
Retina
28
An area of the retina that is specialized for highly detail vision (very fine detail of central vision)
Fovea
29
A photoreceptor specialized to detect dim light
| Sensitive to light
Rods
30
Peripheral vision does a better job viewing dim light than central vision because of these
Rods
31
A photoreceptor in the retina that processes color
Function best under bright light
Provides ability to see sharp images and color
Cones
32
The nerve exiting the retina of the eye
Optic Nerve
33
Nerve pathways traveling from the optic chasm to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain
Optic Tracts
34
A theory of color vision based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium and long wavelengths
Trichromacy Theory
35
Short Wavelengths
Blue Cones
36
Medium Wavelengths
Green Cones
37
Long Wavelengths
Red Cones
38
A theory of color vision that suggests we have a red-green color channel and a blue-yellow color channel in which activation of one color in each pair inhibits the other
Opponent Process Theory
39
A hypothetical cell that resounds to only one specific visual stimulus
Feature Detector
40
The ability to use the two-dimensional image projected on the retina to perceive three dimensions
Depth Perception
41
A depth cue that requires the use of only one eye
Monocular Cue
42
A depth cue that requires the use of both eyes
| Retinal disparity, fused to provide stereopsis
Binocular Cue
43
The difference between the images projected onto each eye (each eye receives a slightly different view)
Retinal Disparity
44
Knowing or being aware of ongoing experiences occurring both internally and in the world around us
Consciousness
45
Involves consciousness
Explicit
46
Doesn't involve direct conscious awareness
Implicit
47
Ever changing
Selective
Directs our activities
Conscious when reticular formation is active
Consciousness
48
Night Terrors
| Sleep Walking
Slow Wave Sleep Disorders
49
Narcolepsy
Cataplexy
REM w/o atonia
REM Sleep Disorders
50
Part of consciousness
| Interact w/ world while we're aware of another
Divided Attention
51
Loss of memory for traumatic events
Psychogenic Amnesia
52
People disappear w/ no memory of previous life
Fugue States
53
Multiple personalities
Identity Disorders
54
The special understanding of the self as distinct from other stimuli (baby looking at self in mirror, etc)
Self Awareness
55
Coined the term 'Stream of Consciousness' to capture the moving, seemingly unbroken flow of conscious awareness
William James
56
________ & _______ have been described as 'enabling' consciousness, but they do not produce its content
Thalamus and Reticular Formation
57
How to explain how the brain forms a unified whole out of large quantities of information
Binding Problem
58
A normal state of consciousness characterized by alertness and awareness of external stimuli
Sleep
59
A normal state of consciousness characterized by alertness and awareness of external stimuli
Wakefulness
60
A daily biological rhythm
Circadian Rhythm
61
An internal mechanism that provides an approximate schedule for a wide variety of physical processes
Controlled by hypothalamus
Biological Clock
62
A mood disorder in which depression occurs regularly at the same time each year, usually during winter months
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
63
A waveform recorded by EEG that usually indicates alert wakefulness
Beta Wave
64
A waveform recorded by EEG that usually indicates relaxed wakefulness
Alpha Wave
65
The component of sleep characterized by waveforms resembling wakefulness as measured by EEG accompanied by rapid eye movements, muscular paralysis and ANS activation
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)
66
The components of sleep characterized by theta and delta wave activity as recorded by EEG and deep physical relaxation
Non-Rapid Eye Movement (N-REM)
67
A waveform recorded by EEG that is characterized of lighter stages of N-REM sleep
Theta Wave
68
A waveform recorded by EEG that usually indicates very deep N-REM sleep
Delta Wave
69
A mental state that usually occurs during sleep that features visual imagery
Dreaming
70
What appears in dreams
Manifest Content
71
What dreams mean
Latent Content
72
During REM sleep, deep brain structures stimulate cortical areas
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
73
A conscious awareness of dreaming accompanied by the ability to control the content of the dream
Lucid Dreaming
74
A sleep disorder occurring in N-REM sleep in which the sleeper wakes suddenly in great distress, but without experiencing the imagery of a nightmare
Night Terrors
75
A sleep disorder characterized by an inability to either initiate or maintain normal sleep
Insomnia
76
Lying in bed for a long period of time without being able to go to sleep (caused by stress and anxiety)
Onset Insomnia
77
Sleep is frequently interrupted or early waking occurs (caused by stress, substance use, psychological disorders)
Maintenance Insomnia
78
A sleep disorder characterized by the intrusion of REM phenomena into wakefulness
Instigated by strong emotions
Narcolepsy
79
Occurs when the muscle paralysis normally associated with REM sleep occurs during wakefulness without any loss of consciousness
Cataplexy
80
A sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing while sleep
Sleep Apnea
81
Occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
82
A disorder characterized by the involuntary movement (tingling feeling moving at regular intervals) of an extremity
Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)
83
An abnormal state of deep unconsciousness
Coma
84
An abnormal state following brain injury featuring wakefulness without consciousness
PVS
85
An altered state of consciousness reported by people who were close to death due to cardiac or other medical problems that features out of body experiences, light at the end of a tunnel perceptions and a state of calmness
Near-Death Experiences
86
An abnormal level of brain activation with a sudden onset
Seizures
87
Originate in a particular part of the brain that are often accompanied by a premonition that a seizure is about to occur
Partial Seizures
88
Characterized by the abnormal activation of circuits connecting the cortex and thalamus
Generalized Seizures
89
Any drug with the capability of altering a person's state of consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
90
The need to administer greater quantities of a drug to achieve the same subjective effect
Tolerance
91
Physical responses to the removal of some habitually administered drugs
Withdrawal
92
A physical or psychological dependence on a substance or activity
Addiction
93
A drug that stimulates the experience of false perceptions
Hallucinogens
94
Any drug that increases the activity of the nervous system
Stimulants
95
Impact consciousness by increasing alertness and mobility while decreasing reaction time
Stimulants
96
A drug that reduces the overall activity of the nervous system
Depressants
97
An altered state of consciousness characterized by relaxation and increased suggestibility
Hypnosis
98
A voluntary alteration of consciousness characterized by positive emotion and absence of thought
Meditation
99
Releasing stimulus produces the same response each time
Pattern does not change much
Opportunity to learn
Fixed Action Patterns
100
All behavior in any behavior can be explained if you know:
Genetic Make-Up
Past Reinforcement History
Current Circumstances
101
Stimulus > Response > Outcome
Skinnerian Ideas
102
Inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli
Reflexes
103
Produce very fast, very reliable responses that serve to promote your welfare
Reflexes
104
An inborn pattern of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli (fixed action plan)
Instincts
105
Shares reflex's reliability and lack of dependence on experience, but the resulting behaviors are more complex
Instincts
106
A relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experience
Learning
107
Adaptive behavior; durable change in behavior that results from experience
Learning
108
Occurs when we form associations or connections among stimuli and/or behaviors
Associative Learning
109
Helps us predict the future based on past experiences
Associative Learning
110
A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time
Classical Conditioning
111
Learning to produce a reflex under new circumstances and conditions
Usually involuntary responses
Classical Conditioning
112
A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes
Operant Conditioning
113
Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to one stimulus rather than the formation of connections between stimuli
Nonassociative Learning
114
Reduces our reactions to repeated experiences that have already been evaluated and found to be unchanging and harmless
Decreasing response to repeated stimulus
Habituation
115
Increases our reactions to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus
Sensitization
116
Increased responsiveness to any stimulus after exposure to a negative stimulus
Sensitization
117
Occurs when an organism learns by watching the actions of another
Observational Learning
118
Provides the advantage of transmitting information across generations within families and cultures
Observational Learning
119
An environmental event whose significance is learned
Conditioned Stimulus
120
Innate, built-in meaning to the organism
Unconditioned Stimulus
121
Learned reactions
Conditioned Responses
122
Don't need to be learned, they appear without prior experience with a stimulus
Unconditioned Responses
123
The development of a learned response
Acquisition
124
Requires contiguity (close proximity in time between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus)
Acquisition
125
Requires contingency or a correlation between the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
Acquisition
126
The reduction of a learned response
| Not the same thing as forgetting but actually is new learning that overrides old learning
Extinction
127
During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest
Spontaneous Recovery
128
A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus actually predicts the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus
Inhibition
129
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus
Generalization
130
A learned ability to distinguish between stimuli
Discrimination
131
Allows us to make fine distinctions between the implications of stimuli
Discrimination
132
Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding
Higher Order Conditioning
133
Allows us to make even more distant predictions about the occurrence of significant events
Higher Order Conditioning
134
The slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar compared to when the conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar
Latent Inhibition
135
A type of counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear
Systematic Desensitization
136
The association between a behavior and its consequences
Operant Conditioning
137
Organisms operate on their environment and their behavior is often instrumental in producing an outcome
Operant Conditioning
138
Occurs when a behavior is associated with its consequences
Operant Conditioning
139
Involves voluntary behaviors
Operant Conditioning
140
Increases the frequency of its associated behavior by providing a desired outcome
Positive Reinforcement
141
A reinforce that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued (secondary reinforce)
Conditioned
142
A method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence
Reinforcers
143
Allows an organism to avoid, turn off or postpone an unpleasant consequence, or so-called escape and avoidance behaviors
Negative Reinforcement
144
A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of an associated behavior
Punishment
145
Refers to applying an aversive consequence that reduces the frequency of or eliminates a behavior
Positive Punishment
146
Involves the removal of something desirable
Negative Punishment
147
Consequences have to matter to the person or animal receiving them
Significance
148
Immediate punishment is more effective than delayed punishment
Immediacy
149
Uniform application
Consistency
150
The reinforcement of the desired behavior on some occasions but not others
Partial Reinforcement
151
Reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs
Ratio Schedule
152
Reinforcement depends on the passage of a certain amount of time
Interval Schedule
153
Requires that a behavior occur a set number of times for each reinforcer
Fixed Ratio Schedule
154
Involves counting the number of times a behavior occurs
Variable Ratio Schedule
155
The time that must pass before reinforcement becomes available following a single response is set at a certain amount
Fixed Interval Schedules
156
First response after a fixed period of time passed will be reinforced
Fixed Interval Schedules
157
Characterized by an interval that is allowed to fluctuate around some average amount over the course of a session
Variable Interval Schedule
158
The more rapid extinction observed following continuous reinforcement than following partial reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction
159
A method for increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur
Shaping/Method of Successive Approximations
160
Learning what occurs in the absence of reinforcement
Latent Learning
161
Tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors
Token Economy
162
The copying of behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously
Imitation
163
Used during imitation that help us predict the actions of others (understanding intentions)
Mirror Neurons
164
Transmitted by observational learning from one person to another and can take the form of ideas, symbols or practices
Memes
165
4 Necessary Cognitive Processes in Modeling Others' Behavior
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
166
Top-Down processing involves the brain imposing its own __________ on ___________
Structure on incoming information
167
Bottom-Up processing involves the brain's use of ___________ to _____________
Incoming signals to construct perceptions
168
The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected is known as the
Absolute Threshold
169
The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the
Cornea
170
Which structure of the eye is responsible for detecting light?
Retina
171
The primary colors of light are:
Red, Green, & Blue
172
After staring at a yellow, green and white striped journal, one would see a blue, red and black striped afterimage. What theory best explains this afterimage?
Opponent Process Theory
173
A hypothetical cell that responds to only one specific visual stimulus is referred to as a _________
Feature Detector
174
The difference between the images projected onto each eye is referred to as:
Retinal Disparity
175
The brain uses shape, color, and movement to form a unified representation of a scenario
Binding Problem
176
The frontal lobes provide working space for _________
Sensory integration and decision-making
177
Our psychological state during REM sleep consists of rapid/irregular ________, __________, ___________, & ___________
Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and paralysis of postural muscles
178
What area of the brain plays a large role in brain addiction?
Nucleus Accumbens
179
Stimulants ________ alertness and mobility, but _________ reaction times.
Increase, decrease
180
Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
181
Learning is traditionally divided into three categories:
Associative, Nonassociative and Observational
182
The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as:
Operant Conditioning
183
The formation of associations between two stimuli, which occur sequentially in time is referred to as:
Classical Conditioning
184
What is an advantage of observational learning?
It transmits information across generations
185
What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior knowledge?
Unconditioned
186
The development of a learned response is called:
Acquisition
187
During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest is called:
Spontaneous Recovery
188
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called:
Generalization
189
Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as:
Systematic Desensitization
190
Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behavior is ________
Engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior
191
What is the most powerful method for managing behavior?
Positive Reinforcement
192
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of behaviors is called a:
Variable Interval Schedule
193
What is a token economy?
Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior
194
A consequence that follows an operant response that increase (or attempts to increase) the likelihood of that response occurring in the future.
Reinforcement
195
In an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus.
Positive Reinforcement
196
In an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement
197
An appetitive event whose presentation follows an operant response. Increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again under the same circumstances.
Positive Reinforcer
198
An aversive event whose removal follows an operant response. Increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again under the same circumstances.
Negative Reinforcer
199
A reinforcer that is biologically pre-established to act as reinforcement.
Primary Reinforcer
200
A previously neutral stimulus. If the neutral stimulus is paired with a primary reinforcer it acquires the same reinforcement properties associated with the primary reinforcer.
Conditioned Reinforcer
