Chapters 4-5

Question 1

A + B –> C+ D reactants products

Answer 1

k eq: [C] [D] [A] [B]

Question 2

free energy

Answer 2

The potential energy stored in the chemical bonds of a molecule is known as the free energy of the molecule The larger, more complex the molecule, the higher its free energy Change in free energy = delta G

Question 3

exergonic reaction

Answer 3

delta G is less than 0 reaction is spontaneous Energy released can be used by other molecules to do work, may be given off as heat, may be stored in a concentration gradient

Question 4

endergonic reaction

Answer 4

delta G is more than 0 reaction is NOT spontaneous Products retain some of the activation energy that was added, trapped in the chemical bonds of the products

Question 5

homeostasis does not equal equilibrium

Answer 5

the ECF and ICF are in osmotic equilibrium, but are in chemical and electrical disequalibrium

Question 6

osmolarity

Answer 6

the number of osmtically active particles per litre of solution

To convert between molarity and osmolarity:

molarity (mol/L) x particles /molecule (osm/mol)= osmolarity (osmol/L or OsM )

• Consider creating a 1 M solution of glucose in water:
• 1M glucose x 1 osmol/mole glucose=1 OsM glucose
• Consider creating a 1 M solution of NaCl in water:
• 1M NaCl x 1.8 osmol/mole NaCl = 1.8 OsM NaCl

•Osmolarity alone doesn’t tell you what happens to cell volume in a solution: depends on whether the particles are penetrating or non-penetrating

Question 7

tonicity

Answer 7

Tonicity describes a solution and how that solution would affect cell volume if the cell were placed in the solution and allowed to come to equilibrium

Normal osm of the human body is 300 mosm

always compares a solution and a cell

Question 8

osmolality

Answer 8

concentration expressed as osmoles of solute per kilogram of water Physiologists often use the terms osmolarity and osmolality interchangeably

Question 9

bulk flow

Answer 9

a pressure gradient causes fluid to flow from regions of higher pressure to lower pressure eg: blood moving through the circulatory system air flow in the lungs

Question 10

Properties of diffusion

Answer 10

Passive process (of uncharged molecules) Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration areas (down a concentration gradient) Net movement of molecules until equilibrium of concentration Diffusion is rapid over short distances Diffusion is directly related to temperature* Diffusion rate is inversely related to molecular weight and size Can take place in an open system or across a partition Ions do NOT move by diffusion Diffusion is random molecular motion down a concentration gradient Slower over long distances and for larger molecules Ions can move in response to electrochemical gradients Random movement of molecules continues even after equilibrium is reached

Question 11

Fick’s Law of Diffusion:

Answer 11

the diffusion rate increases when surface area, the concentration gradient, or the membrane permeability increase

Question 12

intracellular fluid high in

Answer 12

potassium and proteins

Question 13

extracellular fluid high in

Answer 13

sodium chloride

Question 14

properties of living organisms

Answer 14

Complex structure with CELL as basic unit of organization Acquire, store, transform and use ENERGY

Question 15

energy source for all animals

Answer 15

energy trapped by photosynthesis

Question 16

when energy intake is greater than energy used

Answer 16

body stores energy as lipids or polysaccharides

Question 17

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 17

does require energy

ex: kidney tubules, far in the nephron the body has to decide if it needs to hang on to salt, or water,

intentionally high concentrations of ions in the tubules so that the body can regulate these

Question 18

an example of mechanical work in the cell

Answer 18

mechanical work= movement

cilia and flagella in the cell

Question 19

energy in living systems

Answer 19

energy is stored as potential, and then it is transformed into kinetic when needed to do chemical, mechanical, or transport work

Question 20

chemical work

Answer 20

making and breaking of chemical bonds

enables cells to move ions, molecules, larger particles through the cell membrane

Strength in the amount of energy to make it, and strength of amount of energy keeping it together

Question 21

transport work

Answer 21

moving ions, molecules, larger particles across cell membrane

utilizes a concentration gradient

Question 22

first law of thermodynamics

Answer 22

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant

the universe is a closed system

the body is an open system

Question 23

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 23

Natural, spontaneous processes move from a state of order to a condition of randomness or disorder

Entropy, or Bentropy :)

Question 24

activation energy

Answer 24

The initial input of energy required to bring reactants into a position that allows them to react with one another

Question 25

sickle cell anemia results from a mutation in

Answer 25

the tertiary structure of the protein.

Question 26

isoenzyme

Answer 26

•catalyze the same reactions but under different conditions or in different tissues

Question 27

reversible reactions

Answer 27

•If a reaction requires 2 different enzymes for the forward and the reverse reaction, the cell can regulate the reaction

Question 28

Allosterism

Answer 28

A change in the activity and conformation of an enzyme resulting from the binding of acompound at a site on the enzyme other than the active binding site.

Question 29

ATP Production

Question 30

osmotic equilibrium

Answer 30

water moves freely through cells and the ECF, so the ECF and the ICF reach a state of osmotic equilibrium the ECF and the ICF are in osmotic equilibrium but have very different chemical compositions

Question 31

the ECF and the ICF are in chemical disequilibrium

Answer 31

Question 32

Q: What determines how solutes are distributed in the human body?

Answer 32

A: their ability to cross the cell membrane • vWater can move freely in and out of nearly every cell in the body by traversing water-filled ion channels and special water channels created by aquaporin (AQP)

Question 33

body fluid compartments

Answer 33

Question 34

•A mother brings her baby to the emergency room for vomiting and diarrhea for the past 2 days. The baby has lost 3 pounds. How much fluid has the baby lost?

Answer 34

(2. 2 lbs = 1 kg) 2. 2 lbs = 3 lbs x=1.4 kg ~1.4 litres lost 1 kg x kg

Question 35

passive transport •no input of energy required other than potential energy stored in a concentration gradient simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis

Question 36

active transport

Answer 36

requires input of energy from outside source, such as the high-energy phosphate bond of ATP phagocytosis exocytosis endocytosis

Question 37

rate of diffusion

Answer 37

dependent on: surface area particle size permeablility concentration gradient lipid solubility

Question 38

4 major functions of membrane-spanning proteins

Answer 38

* Structural proteins * Enzymes * Receptors * Transport proteins

Question 39

membrane transporters

Answer 39

symporter and antiporter are **co-transporters** gated proteins gating strategies: * chemical-controlled by intracellular messenger molecules or extracellular ligands * voltage-open and close when the electrical state of the cell changes * mechanical-open in response to mechanical movement of adjacent structures

Question 40

epithelial transport

Answer 40

epithelia tight junctions limit what can come between the cells. polarized epithlia have different transport proteins on the apical and basolateral membranes. this allows directional and selective transport to occur across the epithelium. Transport from Lumen to ECF is call absorbtion transport from ECF to lumen is call secretion.

Question 41

NA+- glucose transportation

Answer 41

the Na+ glucose symporter brings glucose into a cell against its concentration gradient by utilizing the Na+ concentration gradient. GLUT transporter transfers glucose to the ECF by facilitated diffusion. the Na/K pump is able to pump Na out of the cell, keeping the Na ICF concentration low, allowing for more glucose to get transported into the cell

Question 42

vesicle transport

Answer 42

utilizes pH differences recylcing of receptors another way to move substances from point a to point b, through a cell