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Biology Honors Semester 1 > Chapters 4, 6, and 7 > Flashcards

Chapters 4, 6, and 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of Cell Theory and Scientists that developed it

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization
  3. All cells come from pre-exisitng cells
    - Anton Leevenhooke (Invented microscopes and discovered bacteria), Robert Hook (named/discovered cells), Theodor Schwann (found out all animals are composed of cells)
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2
Q

Relationship between cell structure and function and role of dominant organelles in the function of cells

A

Structure of cell dictates function bc structure allows or limits the cell to do certain functions
-Dominant organelles dictate the function fo cell and are unsually the most plentiful within the organelle, but may not be the largest organelle within a cell For example, muscle cells have mitochondria

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3
Q

Why do textbook pictures of cells don’t exist in real life

A

Not all cells look the same, different cells have different functions and their structure or appearance must fit the function of the cell

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4
Q

Prokaryotes v. eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes: Smaller, simple, DNA just floats around, no membrane bound organelles, bacteria, unicellular
Eukaryotes: Larger, complex, nucleus with DNA, membrane bound organelles, perform different functions, plants and animals, unicellular

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5
Q

Why are viruses not alive

A
  • They don’t have all the characteristics of living things- no energy use as they are not metabolic and they don’t grow, they use a host
  • In order for them to survive, they need a host and once are within a host they attack a specific type of cell (HIV -> attack immune system cells)
  • They don’t need living criteria and so they need a host to do things.They are dependent on living organisms. They are affected by natural selection and so they are constantly changing and adapting so they are hard to treat
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6
Q

Major organelles that made plants and animals different

A

Plant: Cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole, plasmodesmata
Animal: centriole
Both: Ribosomes, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, peroxisome, cytoskeleton/cytoplasm, lysosome,

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7
Q

Describe endosymbiotic theory

A

Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living in larger cells. Endosymbion refers to a cell that lives inside another cell, called a host cell. These small prokaryotes may have gained entry to the larger cell as undigested prey or internal parasites. A host could use nutrients released from photosyntheitc endosymbionts and host would have benefited from the endosymbiont that were able to use oxygen to release large amounts of energy in cellular respiration. Over ti,e, hosts and endosymbionts would become increasingly interdependent and eventually became a single organism. How eukaryotic cells came to be. Mitochondria evolved by chloroplasts because not all cells have chloroplasts.

  • Not that one cell engulfed mitochondria
  • One cell when adapting engulfed aerobic bacteria and they started helping each other and over time prokaryotic, aerobic bacterium adapted to mitochondria and chlorophyll
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8
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains cells genetic info, organized into chromosomes

-Considered to be the control center of the cell

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9
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Protects the nucleus

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10
Q

Nucleolus

A

Where ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Constitutes (makes up the majority of) eukaryotic chromosomes, often referred to the diffuse, very extended form taken by chromosomes when cell is not dividing

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12
Q

Chromatid

A
  • Dense

- One half of a chromosome, contains genetic info

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

-Everything inside a cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Holds the organelles

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14
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Usually a double layer of phospholipids

- encloses everything inside the cells and allows for passage of molecules in an out of the cell

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15
Q

Cell wall

A
  • external plasma layer

- protects the cell and helps it maintain its shape

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Considered to be the power center of the cell

- repiration occurs here and ATP is generated

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17
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth- Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, steriods
Rough- ribosomes on outside, process proteins made by ribosomes
-Packages and modifies

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18
Q

Chloroplast

A

-Absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic molecules (sugars) from CO2 and water

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19
Q

Ribosome

A

-Responsible for protein synthesis

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

-Processes and packs protein produced by the cell

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21
Q

Vesicles

A

-Used to transport materials from one place to another and function in metabolisms and enzyme storage as well

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22
Q

Lysosome

A

-Contains digestive enzymes to engulf aged organelles, food, and bacteria

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23
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Contain enzymes to get rid of perioxides from the cell
  • Help break down bonds for energy and chains
  • Breaks down hydrogen perioxides
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24
Q

Vacuole

A

-Storage, filled with inorganic and organic molecules along with water to support the organelle

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25
Centrioles
-To help cell division in animal cells, help in the formation of the spindal fibers that separate the chromosomes during cell dividison
26
Difference between auto and hetero trophs
Auto: uses sunlight, CO2, and water to make it's own food, glucose Hetero: Eats other things or their products to obtain energy -Cannot make own food
27
Difference between Photo and chemo synthesis
Photo:creating energy or food using light Chemo: Creating food or energy using chemicals, usually in the abscence of light
28
How do models store and release energy
- energy is stored (in a "high energy" bond) when a phosphate group is added to ADP of NADPH + - Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is removed ( the "high energy" bond is broken) - ADP (pre-image) has everything as the model, but only 2 phosphates, battery is partially charged. With photosynthesis, another phosphate is added to make ATP (image)
29
What is in the chloroplasts
Thylakoids: pancakes, photosynthesis sacs (site of light absorption), contain chlorophyll Granum: Stack of thylakoids Stroma: Liquid outside/surrounds the thylakoids Pigments: chlorophyll
30
Where do the two stages of photosynthesis take place
1. Light dependent: chloroplasts | 2. Light independent/calvin cycle: stroma, outside of thylakoids
31
Balaced equation for photosynthesis
6Co2+6H20+light = C6H12O6+6O2 | Same of each element on each side of equal side
32
Stroma role in regularting photosynthesis
Aka stomata - Where reactions enter and products leave - opening in leaves where CO2 enters, oxygen and water vapor leave
33
Guard cells role in regulating photosynthesis
-regulate opening and closing of stomata. Only lets certain things in/out
34
Light dependent
Reactants: CO2+H20 and light Products: ATP, NADPH Chlorophyll role- this takes place in chlorophyll (in the thylakoids) -Pigments- trap green/yellow light and reflect orange or yellow
35
Light independent reaction
Reactants: ATP and NADPH Products: glucose (energy) Role of chlorophyll molecule: nothing Accessory pigment forl-
36
Explain how the light and dark reactions are linked together
The light dependent reaction creates ATP and NADPH using light, H20 and ADP/NADPH, which are uncharged batteries. After the light depedent reaction takes place, the batteries are now charged (ATP and NADPH). The energy from the charged batteries (ATP and NADPH) are then used with CO2 and H20 in the calvin cycle (aka light independent reaction) to make the plants food, sugar. The batteries are now uncharged and are known as ADP and NADPH +. They are used in the light dependent reation
37
Photo
Light
38
Chloro
Green
39
-phyll
Leaf
40
Stome
Mouth
41
Xantho
Yellow
42
All Organisms Need Energy
All organisms require energy to live. There are two main ways to obtain this necessary energy: autotrophs and heterotrophs Cells use energy trapped in chemical bonds (hydrocarbon bonds). When these bonds are broken, energy is released for cellular activities.  When cells use several linked chemical pathways to create the energy needed, this is called a biochemical pathway. Endothermic: energy goes in Exothermic: energy goes out
43
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
 Cells find energy by breaking bonds in a very special molecule called ATP -3 phosphates, charged battery
44
 ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
Uncharged ADP. another important molecule involved with cellular energy -2 phosphates
45
ATP/ADP components
Adenine (nitrogenous base) RIbose (carbon ring) 3 phosphate groups NUCLEOTIDE
46
How is energy stored
 Energy is stored (in a “high energy” bond) when a phosphate group is added to ADP Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is removed (the “high energy” bond is broken)…  Note: This same system works between NADPH and NADP+ Eukaryotes store ATP -A cycle
47
How does light travel
Light travels as waves of energy  Reflection (light bouncing off, the color being shown), Transmission (ray of light moving through an object), Absorption (light being absorbed) Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue and reflects green Black-absorbs all ligh White- reflects all light
48
What are pigments
``` Proteins that trap light energy from the sun, photosynthesis depends on this absorption of light to begin -ex: chlorophyll ```
49
Why do pigments appear as different | colors?
``` EXAMPLES:  Chlorophyll : Appears green- absorbs  A: Traps Red Light  B: Traps Blue Light  Accessory Pigments: Trap green/yellow  Carotene: Appears orange  Xanthophyll: Appears yellow The least important color for photosynthesis? GREEN!! -Leaves change color bc they lose chlorophyll and chloroplasts ```
50
Chromatography
```  Can be used to separate plant pigments based on their molecular size  Watch a video!  Rf Values: Distance Pigment Moved (mm) divided by Distance Solvent Moved (mm) NOTES:  Rf value will always be less than 1  The higher the Rf value, the smaller the pigment ```
51
``` This weekend your teacher went to the store and bought a new, hi-tech, green colored plant growth light. She placed a plant underneath this light inside of the fume hood and closed it tightly. Will the plant be able to undergo photosynthesis? ```
No, chlorophyll reflects green light and does not absorv it
52
Do all cells in an autotroph have the same dominant organelle
No
53
Chloroplasts things inside
``` Thylakoid Membranes = photosynthetic sacs (site of light absorption)  Granum = stack of thylakoids  Stroma = liquid outside/surrounds the thylakoids ```
54
What does an autotroph need to do photosynthesis
``` Water  Sunlight  Carbon Dioxide  Chlorophyll (a light capturing pigment)  Enzymes (remember how specific these are!) ```
55
Overview of Photosynthesis
Definition: Process in which plants convert energy from the sun into stored chemical energy (glucose). The General Reaction for Photosynthesis: CO2 + H20  C6H12O6 + 02 Temperature and Light Intensity can both affect the rate of photosynthesis, but it will either decrease or level off at some point……try sketching a graph of this  For light, as light increases, rate of photosynthesis also increases, until it reaches a certain point where then rate of photosynthesis will continue to plateau as there is no such thing as too much light will just stop absorbing For temp, as temp rises, rate of photosynthesis rises and as around 50 it plateaus for a while. As it nears 100, rate decreases bc with more temp, water evaporates
56
2 main reactions in photosynthesis
1) Light Dependent Reaction-needs light 2) Light Independent (Dark) Reaction/Calvin Cycle- does not need light Photo- light synthesis- together/build
57
Stomata/Stoma:
opening on underside of most leaves, entry site of carbon dioxide, release of oxygen from photosynthesis occurs here, water vapor is released here (transpiration)
58
Guard Cells:
specialized cells that regulate opening and closing of stomata, open and close using a H+ pump and by manipulating the turgor pressure of the cells
59
Light dependent reaction summary
``` Location: occurs in the thylakoid (chloropyll) membranes Function:  Harvested light energy is converted from sunlight to electrical (electrical charges) energy (ETC)  Uses energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH needed for next reaction Important events you should know:  Chlorophyll is energized  Water is split  ATP and NADPH are formed  Hydrogen is trapped ```
60
Light independent summary
``` Does not require light to occur (can actually occur in light or dark) Location: takes place in the stroma Function: Uses energy from ATP and NADPH to produce high energy carbohydrates (sugars) Important events you should know:  Reactions form organic compounds using energy stored from Lightdependent reactions in bonds of NADPH and ATP ```
61
Which organisms perform photosynthesis and which do cellular respiration
Photosynthesis: autotrophs Cellular: All cells
62
Compare and contrast cellular respiration and respiration
Respiration: Co2 and O2 are exchanged between lungs and air. Breathing -Exchange of gases Both: are harvesting energy Cellular: Cells use O2 to break down fuel, releasing Co2 as a waste product
63
Balanced equation for cellular respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = CO2 + 6H2O+ ATP Energy
64
Dont forget to remember to label mitochondria
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65
Dont forget to label cells
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66
Summarize difference between Anaerobic and Aerobic repiration including differences in ATP Production
Anaerobic- Glucose-> glucosis -> pyruvate-> without O2-> fermentation (alcohol- process where yeast and bacteria convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and CO2, No ATP gained. Lactic acid fermentation-> enzyme reactions convert pyruvic acid into another 3-carbon compound, lactic acid, No ATP gained). Happens within cytoplasm. Makes lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 (for yeast) -Gycolysis happens within the cytoplasm and is the only thing that uses ATP to make more ATP Aerobic-> glycosis, O2, Krebs cycle (from within mitochondria matrix) , citric acid cycle, electron transport chain(mitochondria inner membrane), requires oxygen, produces 20X more ATP than just glycosis up to 38 ATP gained
67
LOOK at ATP models
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68
Photosynthesis v. cellular respiration
Photosynthesis: - Location: chlorophyll, stoma - Function: create glucose - Reactants: 6CO2+ 6H2O+ light - Products: C6H12O6 and 6O2 Both Function: create energy Cell: - Location: mitochondria matrix, inner membrane - Function: create ATP - reactants: C6H12)6+ 6H2O+ energy
69
Why do different pigments have different RF values
Different pigments have different RF values because some pigments are larger or smaller than others
70
RF value formula
Distance distance pigment move (MM) divided by Distance solvent moved (MM) Means the % of distance that the pigment traveled

Biology Honors Semester 1 (9 decks)

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