Chapters 5-8 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Labeling Theory
Crime and deviance are defined by the social audience
Symbolic Interaction Theory
People communicate via symbols- gestures, signs, words, or images- that represent something
Edwin Lemert
Primary and Secondary Deviance
Primary Deviance
Undetected norm violations/crimes that have very little influence on the actor and can be quickly forgotten
Secondary Deviance
Deviant events comes to the attention of significant others or social control agents
Quetelet
Data and Statistics
Emile Durkheim
Crime is a normal and necessary event, rising crime rates can signal the need for social change
Robert Ezra Park, Ernest W. Burgess, Louis Wirth
Chicago School
Edwin Sutherland
suggested people learn criminality
Walter Reckless
linked crime to the failure of socialization
Positivism
All true knowledge is acquired through direct observation; popularized by Charles Darwin
Cesare Lombroso
Crime is a characteristic trait of human nature; indirect and direct heredity
William Sheldon
Suggested somatotype (body-build) makes people susceptible to delinquent behavior
Mesomorphs
Muscular/athletic (aggression)
Ectomorphs
Tall/thin (intellectual)
Endomorphs
Heavy/slow (fences)
Psychodynamic Theory
Id-pleasure principle: unconscious biological drives
Ego-reality principle: helps the personality refine the demands of the id
Neutralization Theory
Becoming a criminal is a process of learning techniques to neutralize conventional values and drift back and forth between legitimate and illegitimate conventional behavior
Travis Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory
Linked the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society
Attachment, Belief, Commitment, involvement
Differential Reinforcement Theory
Burgess and Akers suggest “direct conditioning” occurs when behavior is reinforced by rewards or punishment
