chapters 5-8

Question 1

crime is a result of what?

Answer 1

individuals location within the structure of society

Question 2

social disorganization theory

Answer 2

• Depicts social change, social conflict, and lack of social consensus as the root causes of crime and deviance.
• Sees society as a kind of organism and crime and deviance as a kind of disease or social pathology

Question 3

social structure theory

Answer 3

-explains crime by references to the economic and social arrangements in society

Question 4

robert park

Answer 4

1920’s-1930s

• social ecology
• Chicago school
• concentric zones
• social disorganization

Question 5

Robert merton

Answer 5

1930’s-present

-goals, means, opportunity, general strain theory

Question 6

thorsten sellin

Answer 6

1920-s-present

-culture conflict

Question 7

criminology of place

Answer 7

• called environmental criminology

- talks about the importance of geographic location in terms of victimization

Question 8

strain theory

Answer 8

crime is adaptive, problem solving behaviour

Question 9

modes of adaptation for strain theory (5) `

Answer 9

1. Conformity
2. Innovation
3. Ritualism
4. Retreatism
5. Rebellion`

Question 10

factors influencing strain theory

Answer 10

• Temperament
• Intelligence
• Interpersonal skills
• Self-efficacy
• Association with criminal peer
• Association with conventional social support

Question 11

primary conflict

Answer 11

fundamental clash of cultures

Question 12

secondary conflict

Answer 12

clash of smaller cultures, within the primary culture

Question 13

subcultural theory

Answer 13

emphasizes the contribution Made by variously socialized cultural groups to crime

Question 14

what are the 2 types of socially structured opportunities for success

Answer 14

1. Legitimate opportunity structures

2. Illegitimate opportunity structures

Question 15

gangs are primarily made up of what?

Answer 15

males, almost half are 17 years and younger

Question 16

mala in se offences

Answer 16

fundamentally wrong (killing of kids)

Question 17

mala prohibita offences

Answer 17

acts that are wrong b/c they are prohibited (drug use, gambling, etc)

Question 18

cosmic level evil

Answer 18

diverse ideas of divine punishment, karma, fate, etc

Question 19

personal deviance

Answer 19

ranged from demonic possession to spiritual influences

Question 20

code of Hammurabi

Answer 20

• 1st known bodies of law 1750BC
• focused on theft, property ownership, sexual relationships
• emphasis on retribution

Question 21

early roman law

Answer 21

• 450 BC

- basic rules regulating family, religious, and economic life

Question 22

magna carta

Answer 22

• “great charter” signed June 15,1215

- support individuals rights and jury trials

Question 23

5 principles of classical school

Answer 23

1. Rationality.
2. Hedonism.
3. Punishment.
4. Human rights.
5. Due process.

Question 24

Criminal Anthropology

Answer 24

the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality

Question 25

Phrenology:

Answer 25

the shape of the head determines anatomical correlates of human behaviour

Question 26

Atavism:

Answer 26

criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution

Question 27

born criminal

Answer 27

an individual who is born with a genetic predilection toward criminality

Question 28

criminaloids

Answer 28

occasional criminals who are pulled into criminality primarily by environmental influences

Question 29

characteristics of XYY supermale

Answer 29

Taller than average Acne or other skin disorders Below avg intelligence Over-representation in prisons and mental hospitals Family with above avg history of crime or mental illness

Question 30

factors that cause criminal behaviour

Answer 30

``` Gender Age Body type Intelligence Personality ```

Question 31

conditioning

Answer 31

The frequency of any behaviour can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment or association with other stimuli

Question 32

psychopathology

Answer 32

Any sort of psychological disorder that causes distress

Question 33

the _____ was an important source of modern western laws and legal procedure, supporting individual rights and jury trials

Answer 33

magna carta

Question 34

the purpose of punishment should be deterrence rather than retribution, according to ______

Answer 34

cesare Beccaria

Question 35

which of the following is an example of mala prohibita offence? a) assault b) murder c) drug use d) break and enter e) theft

Answer 35

drug use

Question 36

the heritage left by the classical school is still operative today in which of the following principles? a) human rights b) hedonism c) punishment d) due process e) all of the above

Answer 36

all of the above

Question 37

_____ seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender us being sentenced

Answer 37

general detterence

Question 38

the use of genetic knowledge developed by the Human Genome Project may have implications for understanding criminal behaviour by _______

Answer 38

contributing to the relationship between genetic predispositions and interaction with surrounding social and physical environments

Question 39

cesare Lomroso called physical features that he thought to be indicative of criminality ______

Answer 39

atavisms

Question 40

constitutional theories that explain criminality by reference to offenders body types are primarily associated with _____

Answer 40

Richard J Hernstein + William H Sheldon

Question 41

studies considering the relationship between body chemistry and criminality consider ____

Answer 41

hypoglycaemia and pollution

Question 42

biosocial criminology contends it is the ______ that explains criminal behaviour

Answer 42

interaction between biology and the environment

Question 43

according to ____, aggressive and anti social behaviour is a cognitive process that includes the ideas of observation, imitation, and modelling

Answer 43

Albert bandura

Question 44

when the question of mental fitness arises, 2 standards are assessed. They are ______

Answer 44

accused fitness to stand trial +mental state at the time of the offence

Question 45

_____ are said to be characterized as effective manipulators who clearly understand the motivations of others, are said to be dissociate emotionally from their actions , and lack empathy/sensitivity towards others

Answer 45

psychopaths

Question 46

Canadians Donald A Andrews and James Bonta identified major risk factors associated with criminal conduct that they are termed _____

Answer 46

criminogenic needs

Question 47

one of the 3 subtypes of social structure theory is _____

Answer 47

social disorganization theory

Question 48

crime prevention through environmental design is based on the theoretical principles found within the concept of _____

Answer 48

defensible space

Question 49

which of the following concepts is not included in Robert Mertons strain theory 1. retreatism 2. autonomy 3. innovation 4. conformity 5. rebellion

Answer 49

autonomy

Question 50

______ holds that crime is a result of a clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable/proper behaviour

Answer 50

culture conflict theory

Question 51

Walter millers concept of focal concerns has been echoed in the work of _____

Answer 51

Elijah Anderson