Chapters 5 (cell membranes) and 9 (cell communication)

Question 1

Passive transport

Answer 1

energy comes from concentration gradient

Question 2

active transport

Answer 2

energy comes from breaking an ATP bond

Question 3

solvent

Answer 3

substance that dissolves another (liquid)

Question 4

solute

Answer 4

substance dissolved within another (stuff in liquid)

Question 5

equillibrium

Answer 5

identical solute concentration in all regions

Question 6

osmosis

Answer 6

net movement of solvent (liquid) to create equillibrium

-add up all numbers in each environment seperately. Then moves to the biggest number

Question 7

diffusoon

Answer 7

net movement of solute (stuff) to create equilibrium

-moves towards smaller number

Question 8

Electrical gradient

Answer 8

Ca+2 (20mn) = 2(20)=40. Then add all up and which ever side is higher it moves the way of the higher one

Question 9

Name one way membranes can change

Answer 9

Individual phospholipids move within membrane

• like a big huddle of penguins, the center is the warmest and the Penguins constantly switch places throughout the huddle.
• membranes stay together but insides move

Question 10

Name a second way membranes can change

Answer 10

• Cholesterol can fill gaps between phospholipids and make it less permeable
• but it increases fluidity because it makes more space between phospholipids

Question 11

Name a 3rd way membranes can change

Answer 11

Fatty acids

• sat fatty acids the molecules fit tightly together- less fluid & less permeable
• unsat fatty acid- kinks of double bonds make space

Question 12

What does high temps do to a membrane and how do you fix it

Answer 12

It makes it too liquid and is fixed by adding sat fatty acids or decreasing cholesterol content

Question 13

What does a low temp do to a membrane and how do you fix it

Answer 13

It makes it too solid and is fixed by increasing unsat fatty acids and increasing cholesterol

Question 14

Passive transport

Answer 14

Energy from a concentration gradient
-easiest way
Like mio dispersing itself through water

Question 15

What most likely diffuses across a cell membrane

Answer 15

Non polar because it dissolves in membrane

Question 16

Simple diffusion (bouncers)

Answer 16

Small goes through easily
Non polar dissolves into membrane
Small np is the best

Question 17

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 17

Membrane proteins allow diffusion of small polar molecules.
Passive process
-channel protein=hydrophilic tunnel constant hole through membrane
=carrier protein=revolving door, changes shape

Question 18

Osmotic pressure

Answer 18

How much the salts are sucking
High=more sucking
Hypertonic solutions cause cells to lose water
Hypnotic solutions cause cells to gain water

Question 19

Active transport

Answer 19

Solutes go against concentration gradient
Required atp
Only use carrier proteins
No channel proteins because it’s just a hole

Question 20

Sodium potassium pump

Answer 20

3 NA out of the cell and 2 K enter the cell
Both against concentration gradient
Creates active site for atp

Question 21

What are the consequences of the Na-k pump

Answer 21

Extra cellular fluid had different concentration that icf

Too much NA dehydrates cell

Question 22

Endocytosis (bulk transport)

Answer 22

A lot of atp

Cytoskeleton moves material into cell

Question 23

Pinocytosis (bulk transport)

Answer 23

Small enough to get through membrane but too big for proteins
Dissolves in ECF

Question 24

Phagocytosis (bulk transport)

Answer 24

Brings in something specific - how cells eat invading viruses and bacteria

Question 25

Receptor mediated endocytosis (bulk transport)

Answer 25

Specific molecules are taken in after binding to a receptor molecule

Question 26

Exocytosis

Answer 26

Takes material out of cell
Secretes hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes
Uses ATP

Question 27

Ligand

Answer 27

A signaling molecule released by a cell

Question 28

Receptor

Answer 28

A protein which specific ligands bind to

Question 29

Transduction

Answer 29

A cellular response once receptor binds to ligands

Question 30

Negative feedback

Answer 30

Response that counteracts a stimuli

Question 31

Positive feedback

Answer 31

Response that intensifies a stimulus

Question 32

Cell signaling

Answer 32

Communication between cells

Ligand and receptor do most communication

Question 33

Paracrine signaling (cell signaling)

Answer 33

Ligand leaves cell-diffuses into ECF then binds to receptor fast

Question 34

Neuron signaling

Answer 34

Same as para crime signaling only with a neuron. Fast

Question 35

Endocrine signaling

Answer 35

Gets into blood or lymph and can contact any cell in body

Slow

Question 36

direct contact (potential signaling range, transmission requirements, relative speed)

Answer 36

next cell, none- diffusion, fast

Question 37

paracrine (potential signaling range, transmission requirements, relative speed)

Answer 37

local, none-diffusion, fast

Question 38

neural (potential signaling range, transmission requirements, relative speed)

Answer 38

whole body, needs neural network, fast

Question 39

endocrine (potential signaling range, transmission requirements, relative speed)

Answer 39

whole body, needs circulatory system, slow (circluation)

Question 40

receptor proteins

Answer 40

recieve ligands and create a cellular response

-can be found in the cell and in the cell membrane

Question 41

signal transduction

Answer 41

http://www.youtube.com/v/tMMrTRnFdI4 
chain reaction of events 
-amplifies signal
-diversity of responses
-multiple points of control