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Bio 106 > Chapters 6-7 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Capacity to do work

A

Energy

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2
Q

The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement

A

Work

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3
Q

How energy flows through a living system

A

Bioenergetics

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4
Q

All the chemical reactions that take place inside cells

A

Metabolism

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5
Q

A specific series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate into a final product

A

Metabolic Pathway

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6
Q

Anabolic and Endergonic Process

A

Photosynthesis

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7
Q

Catabolic and Exergonic Process

A

Cellular Respiration

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8
Q

Building of new, bigger molecules from smaller molecules

A

Anabolism

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9
Q

Breaking apart larger molecules into smaller molecules

A

Catabolism

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10
Q

Requires energy

A

Anabolic Metabolism

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11
Q

Creates Energy

A

Catabolic Metabolism

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12
Q

Energy associated with objects in motion

A

Kinetic Energy

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13
Q

Energy with the potential to do work

A

Potential Energy

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14
Q

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds and is released when those bonds are broken

A

Chemical Energy

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15
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A

ATP

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16
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

A

NADH

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17
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

A

NADPH

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18
Q

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

A

FAD

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19
Q

Amount of energy in a system that is available to do work

A

Free Energy

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20
Q

Reaction that releases free energy

A

Exergonic Reaction

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21
Q

Exergonic reaction that occurs without the addition of energy

A

Spontaneous Reaction

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22
Q

Reactions that require an input of free energy

A

Endergonic Reaction

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23
Q

Endergonic reaction that cannot occur without the addition of energy

A

Non-Spontaneous Reaction

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24
Q

The study of energy and energy transfer in physical matter

A

Thermodynamics

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25
Physical matter involved and the environment it is in
System
26
Everything outside the system
Surroundings
27
Energy and matter can move freely between the system and its surroundings
Open System
28
Matter cannot be transferred from its system to its surroundings
Closed System
29
Open system subject to the laws of physics
Biological System
30
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
First Law of Thermodynamics
31
Energy transfer is not fully efficient, and some energy will be lost
Second Law of Thermodynamics
32
Amount of randomness and disorder in a system
Entropy
33
Adding water into a reaction
Hydrolysis
34
Binding a phosphate group to a molecule
Phosphorylation
35
Strategy where cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed
Energy Coupling
36
Removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
Dephosphorylation
37
An enzyme takes a phosphate off of a substrate and puts it onto an ADP molecule to remake ATP
Substrate-level Phosphorylation
38
Process that 90% of ATP is made from
Oxidative Phosphorylation
39
Protein that helps biological reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction
Enzyme
40
Amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur
Activation Energy
41
Chemical reactants to which an enzyme binds
Substrate
42
Place on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Active Site
43
Substance that helps a chemical reaction occur
Catalyst
44
R group present at an enzyme active site that allows it to hold specific molecules in a specific orientation for chemical reactions to take place
Specificity
45
Loss of function due to loss of structure
Denaturation
46
An inhibitor molecule that competes with a substrate for the spot at the active site
Competitive Inhibition
47
An inhibitor molecule that binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site
Non-Competitive Inhibition
48
An inhibitor molecule that binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site and changes the shape so the substrate cannot bind to the active site
Allosteric Inhibition
49
An activator molecule that bonds to the enzyme someplace other than the active site and increases the likelihood of the enzyme for its substrate
Allosteric Activator
50
Inorganic helper ions
Cofactors
51
Organic helper molecules
Coenzymes
52
Similar reactions all stored in one place
Compartmentalization
53
The use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production
Feedback Inhibition
54
Removal of an electron from a molecule
Oxidation
55
Addition of an electron to another compound
Reduction
56
Accepts electrons
Oxidizing Agent
57
Donates electrons
Reducing Agent
58
Oxidation and reduction reactions that occur together
Redox Reaction
59
Vitamin B electron carriers
NAD+ and FAD+
60
First step in cellular respiration
Glycolysis
61
Rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
62
Doesn't require oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
63
Does require energy
Aerobic Respiration
64
Can perform both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Facultative Aerobe
65
Process that uses an organic molecule other than oxygen as an electron acceptor to recycle NAD+
Fermentation
66
Organic molecule used to recycle the NAD+ that was just generated
Pyruvate
67
Pyruvate is reduced into lactate and NADH is oxidized back into NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation
68
Pyruvate is converted to a 2-carbon molecule and serves as an electron acceptor for NADH, forming the NAD+
Alcohol Fermentation
69
What the Pyruvate is converted into during alcohol fermentation
Acetaldehyde
70
Reduction of CO2 to methane gas in order to oxidize NADH back to NAD+
Methanogens
71
Second step of cellular respiration that removes CO2, reduces NAD+, and becomes acetyl CoA
Oxidation of Pyruvate
72
Third step in cellular respiration that is a closed loop, and reduces a lot of electron carriers
Citric Acid Cycle
73
Part of the fourth step of cellular respiration that directly uses oxygen that is a series of redox reactions
Electron Transport Chain
74
The diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane
Chemiosmosis
75
Special integral membrane proteins that move hydrogen ions back into the mitochondrial matrix
ATP Synthase
76
Fourth Step in cellular respiration involving the flow of electrons along a series of membrane-bound proteins, coupled with the generation of ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
77
Carbohydrate that is stored short-term in the liver and muscle tissue
Glycogen
78
Hydrolyzed form of Glycogen when blood sugar levels are below normal
Glucose
79
Both catabolic and anabolic
Amphibolic

Bio 106 (2 decks)

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