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AP BIO > Chapters 6-8 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

Differentiate between catabolic and anabolic

A

Catabolic reactions involve breaking down molecules and releasing energy. Anabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules.

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3
Q

What is the study of how energy flows through living organisms?

A

bioenergetics

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4
Q

Define energy

A

The capacity to cause change

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5
Q

Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy. Give examples of each.

A

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion (contraction of leg muscles); Potential energy is energy matter possesses because of its position or
condition (the energy in the bonds of molecules).

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6
Q

State the 1st law of thermodynamics.

A

Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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7
Q

Are organisms closed or open systems?

A

Open systems. If they were closed they would not be able to exchange matter with the outside word.

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8
Q

State the 2nd law of thermodynamics.

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

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9
Q

What is entropy?

A

A measure of disorder, or randomness. The more random matter is in its arrangement, the more entropy it has.

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10
Q

What kind of energy can do work when temperature and pressure conditions are uniform?

A

Free energy (a.k.a. Gibbs free energy (G))

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11
Q

What symbol is used to represent change in free energy?

A

Delta G (Triangle G)

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12
Q

Differentiate between exergonic and endergonic. Specify which is/are spontaneous.

A

Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb energy. Exergonic reactions are spontaneous.

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13
Q

What would happen if cells reached chemical equilibrium?

A

They can do no work, and therefore would not survive. A process is spontaneous and can do work only if it is working toward
equilibrium. However, in cells, equilibrium is never reached because of the constant changes they endure (for example, in our cells, a
constant intake of oxygen and excretion of carbon dioxide). See fig 6.7

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14
Q

Name the three kinds of work done by a cell.

A

Chemical work, Transport work, mechanical work.

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15
Q

What does “ATP” stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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16
Q

Name the three parts of an ATP molecule.

A

Adenine (nitrogenous base), ribose(pentose sugar), three phosphate groups

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17
Q

How is energy released from a molecule of ATP? What molecule results?

A

Energy is released by removing the terminal phosphate group. ADP (adenosine diphosphate) results.

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18
Q

How is energy released from a molecule of ATP? What molecule results?

A

Energy is released by removing the terminal phosphate group. ADP (adenosine diphosphate) results.

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19
Q

Are coupled reactions endergonic or exergonic. Why?

A

Exergonic. The purpose of coupling reactions is so that the reaction will occur spontaneously. In order to occur spontaneously, the free
energy must be negative. Negative changes in free energy result from exergonic reactions. See fig.6.9

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20
Q

Compare and contrast enzymes and catalysts.

A 
Catalysts are chemical agents that speed up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Enzymes are a class of biological
catalysts (specifically protein, for now). Enzymes are very specific to the reaction they catalyze.
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21
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy of activation (EA) is the initial investment of energy needed to start a reaction.

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22
Q

What do enzymes do to the activation energy to get a reaction to occur faster or more often?

A

They lower it. See p. 133-134 to read how enzymes lower activation energy at the active site.

23
Q

In enzyme-catalyzed reactions, how is the change in free energy affected?

A

The change free energy is not affected.

24
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

25
Q

What is an active site?

A

A restricted region of the enzyme that actually binds to the substrate.

26
Q

What is induced fit?

A

As the substrate enters the active site, the enzyme changes shape slightly (remember: proteins change shape when they bind to stuff). The change
in shape makes the active site fit more snugly around the substrate.

27
Q

Why are enzymes considered to be specific?

A

Each enzyme only catalyzes one reaction. (Ex: Catalase catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide only).

28
Q

Name two things that can affect an enzyme’s activity.

A

Temperature and pH

29
Q

Differentiate between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors.

A

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a place on the enzyme other than the active site. This
noncompetitive binding will still change the shape of the enzyme causing the active site to be nonfunctional.

30
Q

What term is used to describe when a protein’s function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule to another site.

A

Allosteric regulation

31
Q

What process occurs when the end product of a pathway shuts down that pathway?

A

Feedback inhibition

32
Q

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

33
Q

Is cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic? Exergonic or Endergonic?

A

Catabolic; exergonic

34
Q

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle (along with pyruvate oxidation), and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)

35
Q

What does it mean for something to be oxidized? Reduced?

A

A molecule that is oxidized is losing electrons, whereas reduced molecules gain electrons.

36
Q

What is an oxidizing agent? A reducing agent?

A

An oxidizing agent is the molecule that becomes reduced (it oxidized another molecule by becoming reduced). The reducing agent is the molecule
that becomes oxidized (it reduced another molecule by becoming oxidized).

37
Q

In the overall equation for cellular respiration, what is oxidized? What is reduced?

A

Glucose is oxidized and Water is reduced

38
Q

How can redox reactions occur even when there is no transfer of electrons?

A

Reactions can “gain” electrons by having the electrons move closer to the atoms in the compound. See fig 7.3.

39
Q

What are the two electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A

NAD+ and FAD

40
Q

What does “glycolysis” mean? Why is this an appropriate term for this process?

A

Glycolysis means “sugar splitting”. It is appropriate because glucose is split into 2 pyruvate molecules during glycolysis.

41
Q

What are the main products of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate; 2 NADH; 2 ATP (net)

42
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

43
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

44
Q

If oxygen is present, what step follows glycolysis?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

45
Q

What is the “ignition key” for the citric acid (Krebs) cycle?

A

Acetyl Co-A

46
Q

How does the formation of acetyl co-A occur?

A

Pyruvate is oxidized by removing one of its carbons. NAD+ picks up electrons during this process to become NADH (reduced form). The two-carbon
compound remaining is an acetyl group which will join up with co-enzyme A to form Acetyl Co-A

47
Q

What is produced/released during the formation of acetyl co-A?

A

Carbon Dioxide is released; NADH is formed.

48
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

49
Q

What combines with oxaloacetate to form citric acid?

A

Acetyl Co-A

50
Q

Carbon leaves the citric acid cycle in what form?

A

Carbon Dioxide

51
Q

How many times does the citric acid cycle turn for every glucose molecule.

A

Twice

52
Q

How many NADH, FADH2, and ATP are produced from one turn of the Krebs cycle (excluding acetyl coA formation).

A

NADH – 3; FADH2 – 1; ATP - 1

53
Q

What kind of phosphorylation occurs to form ATP in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

A

Substrate level. This is also the case for the ATP formed during glycolysis.

AP BIO (5 decks)

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