Chapters 7, 8, 10, 21

Question 1

Disruptive technology

Answer 1

refers to a technology whose application affects the
way market or industry functions

Question 2

Characteristics of disruptive technologies

Answer 2

They come to market with a set of performance attributes that existing customers do not value.

Over time the performance attributes improve to the point where they invade established markets

Question 3

Incumbent Technologies

Answer 3

Established market-leading technologies that currently dominate a particular industry or market segment.

These technologies are typically developed and maintained by large, established firms that have significant market share and have built robust ecosystems around their products, including complementary technologies, user bases, and switching costs.

Question 4

2 pros and cons of incumbent technologies

Answer 4

Pros (resistance to disruption & benefit from network effects – hard for new things to replace them)

Cons (prioritize the current consumer demand which can lead to a strategic blindness where companies miss opportunities to adapt to new technological paradigms, potentially allowing startups to eventually overtake them in the market)

Question 5

______ innovations don’t need to perform better than ______; they simply need to perform well enough to ____ to the customers of the _____(and often do so at a _____price).

Answer 5

Disruptive innovations don’t need to perform better than incumbents; they simply need to perform well enough to appeal to the customers of the incumbents (and often do so at a lower price).

Question 6

Enabling technology

Answer 6

An innovation or invention that makes a product affordable and accessible to a wider population

Question 7

Innovative business model

Answer 7

A business model that targets new
consumers that didn’t buy products in an existing market, or low-end
consumers (the least profitable customers)

Question 8

Coherent value network

Answer 8

A network in which suppliers, distributors and
customers are better off when the disruptive technology prospers.

Question 9

bitcoin

Answer 9

An open source, decentralized payment system (sometimes controversially referred to as a digital, virtual, or cryptocurrency) that operates in a peer-to-peer environment, without bank or central authority.

Question 10

McNamarra Fallacy

Answer 10

When one falls victim to decision-making based solely on quantitative observations linked to past events. In disruptive innovation, in particular, new occurrences are happening that change consumer behavior, markets, and the nature of competition.

Question 11

KPI (key performance indicators)

Answer 11

Key performance indicators—measurable values defined by a firm to demonstrate progress toward a given goal.

Examples are quite broad and could include customer acquisition, cost reduction, or improvement in the ROI of online ad campaigns.

Question 12

Additive Manufacturing

Answer 12

Another term for 3D printing.

A technology where parts are built by adding material, rather than carving, milling, or machining parts from a larger block of material.

In additive manufacturing, waste is minimized and techniques can sometimes produce products that are impossible to replicate with conventional methods.

Question 13

cryptocurrencies

Answer 13

A digital asset where a secure form of mathematics (cryptography) is used to handle transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.

Cryptocurrencies usually take advantage of a technology known as a blockchain.

Question 14

blockchain

Answer 14

A distributed and decentralized ledger that records and verifies transactions and ownership, making it difficult to tamper with or shut down.

Question 15

DeFi (decentralized finance)

Answer 15

An industry term for a bucket of blockchain-enabled financial services that function without the need for a central authority, such as a bank or government. Proponents believe that DeFi can be more transparent, secure, and efficient than traditional financial systems.

Question 16

CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currencies)

Answer 16

A digital form of a government-issued currency.

Question 17

stablecoins

Answer 17

Cryptocurrencies that have their value pegged to a currency or commodity, rather than have currency value float independently.

Stablecoins are issued by independent entities, not government central banks

Question 19

NFT (Non-fungible token)

Answer 19

The NFT can be embedded in digital products, such as art and images, identifying ownership, which is recorded on a blockchain.

The blockchain can verify authenticity, and transferring the token transfers ownership, in theory creating more secure markets for digital artwork, and providing a way for digital product owners to enforce copyright and ownership claims.

Question 20

subtractive manufacturing

Answer 20

Manufacturing processes where material is removed from a larger block to create a part (e.g., milling, carving).

Question 21

bitcoin strengths & limitations

Answer 21

strengths
decentralization: No central authority controls Bitcoin.
eliminates transaction fees
used for international commerce without delay or transaction fees
straddles the line between transparency and privacy

limitations
volatility: Bitcoin’s value can fluctuate wildly, making it less useful as a stable currency.
scalability: The Bitcoin network can handle only a limited number of transactions per second.
difficult to understand/use technology
has bad reputation (drug dealers, tax evaders, etc)
security

Question 22

blockchain strengths and limitations

Answer 22

strengths
Transparency: All transactions are recorded on a public ledger.
Security: Cryptographic techniques make it difficult to tamper with the blockchain.
Efficiency: Can reduce the need for intermediaries, lowering transaction costs.

limitations
Scalability: As the blockchain grows, it becomes more difficult to manage.
Energy Consumption: Mining cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin requires significant energy.
Regulatory Challenges: Governments are still developing frameworks for blockchain technology.

Question 23

DeFi strengths and limitations

Answer 23

strengths
Transparency: All transactions are recorded on a blockchain.
Efficiency: Lower transaction costs and faster processing times.
Accessibility: Opens financial services to those without access to traditional banking.

limitations
Security: High-profile hacks have led to significant losses.
Regulation: Lack of consumer protection and regulatory oversight.
Adoption: Still in the early stages, with many technical and legal hurdles to overcome.

Question 24

In regards to disruptive technologies, when does change happen?

Answer 24

Technologies are not likely to be disruptive on their own.
* Change happens when a company or industry adapts the technology to cater
to one piece of the customer value chain.

Question 25

why do big firms fail?

Answer 25

Failure to see disruptive innovations as a threat. - Reason: Lack of dedicated resources for developing the potential technology since these technologies are unattractive. - Creates blindness by an otherwise rational focus on customer demands and financial performance. Start-ups amass expertise quickly. - Big firms are forced to play catch-up. Few ever close the gap with the new leaders

Question 26

how can big companies overcome issues in regards to disruptive technologies?

Answer 26

remove short-sighted, customer focused, and bottom line obsessed blinders have conversations with those on the experimental edge of advancements if employees are quitting to join a tech, it might be worth considering started by former employees

Question 27

what to do when a potential disruptor is spotted?

Answer 27

build a portfolio of options on emerging technologies, investing in firms, start-ups, or internal efforts options give the firm the right to continue and increase funding as a technology shows promise if a firm has a stake in a start-up, it may consider acquiring the firm encourage new market and technology development

Question 28

Amazon's 3 Pillars

Answer 28

Selection, customer experience, and low prices (work together to create competitive advantage)

Question 29

Amazon’s Proteus Robot

Answer 29

Entirely autonomous Works alongside humans Robots like this are designed to offer cues to their human co-workers to make robot intentions clearer and perhaps even pleasant to work with. Ex: rather than stop abruptly in a way that might startle a person, robots recognize humans from a distance and stop gradually when they can.

Question 30

Amazon’s Sparrow

Answer 30

Robotic Arm that can identify an individual item from a tray of different goods thru multi-modal identification It has deployable suction cups at the end of extenders which helps it pick up stuff

Question 31

Multi-modal identification

Answer 31

an array of sensors on the arm or positioned nearby that quickly scan bar codes, read packaging text using optical character recognition, and identify products using image recognition AI

Question 32

Accounts payable

Answer 32

Money owed for products and services purchased on credit

Question 33

Cash conversion cycle (CCC)

Answer 33

Period between distributing cash and collecting funds associated with a given operation (e.g., sales).

Question 34

Liquidity problems

Answer 34

Problems that arise when organizations cannot easily convert assets to cash. Cash is considered the most liquid asset—that is, the most widely accepted with a value understood by all.

Question 35

Inventory turns

Answer 35

the number of times inventory is sold or used during a specific period (such as a year or quarter). A higher figure means a firm is selling products quickly

Question 36

Amazon has a ___CCC and aims to have ____ inventory turns to pay suppliers later

Answer 36

Negative, high It actually sells goods and collects money from customers weeks before it has to pay its suppliers. This gives the firm a special advantage since it has an additional pool of cash that it can put to work on things like expanding operations, making interest-bearing investments, and more (- CCC)

Question 37

Deep learning machine learning models

Answer 37

A type of machine learning that uses multiple layers of interconnections among data to identify patterns and improve predicted results. Deep learning most often uses a set of techniques known as neural networks and is popularly applied in tasks like speech recognition, image recognition, and computer vision.

Question 38

Amazon uses dynamic pricing which means

Answer 38

Pricing that shifts over time, usually based on conditions that change demand (e.g., charging more for scarce items). Can help to maximize their profits, but consumers might be mad & feel like they're being taken advantage of

Question 39

A/B test

Answer 39

A randomized group of experiments used to collect data and compare performance among two options studied (A and B). A/B testing is often used in refining the design of technology products, and A/B tests are particularly easy to run over the Internet on a firm’s website. Amazon, Google, and Facebook are among the firms that aggressively leverage hundreds of A/B tests a year in order to improve their product offerings. It found that recommendations do drive revenue.

Question 40

p13n

Answer 40

Amazon’s way of internally referring to user data, which fuels personalization efforts When visiting the Amazon home page, it’s more accurate to say that you’re visiting your Amazon home page at a given point in time. Your page may vary not only based on any ongoing A/B tests but also based on Amazon’s best guess of what you’ll want to see as well as any myriad of other sales and promotion goals.

Question 41

cookie

Answer 41

A line of identifying text, assigned and retrieved by a given Web server and stored by your browser

Question 42

Collaborative filtering

Answer 42

A classification of software that monitors trends among customers and uses this data to personalize an individual customer’s experience.

Question 43

retargeting

Answer 43

Presenting a customer with promotions on third-party websites based on their in-store browsing activities.

Question 44

Two-sided network effects

Answer 44

Products or services that get more valuable as two distinct categories of participants expand (e.g., buyers and sellers). (i.e., more buyers attract more sellers, and more sellers attract more buyers — Amazon & 3rd party sellers)

Question 45

Amazon Marketplace allows Amazon to build a long tail of product offerings without the costly risk of lasting inventory. What is a long tail?

Answer 45

In this context, it refers to an extremely large selection of content or products. The long tail is a phenomenon whereby firms can make money by offering a near-limitless selection. (demand exists, even though products aren’t popular enough for stores to carry them)

Question 46

Amazon’s affiliate marketing program

Answer 46

Marketing practice where a firm rewards partners (affiliates) who bring in new business, often with a percentage of any resulting sales. offering a sort of “finder’s fee” for generating sales

Question 47

Flash sales

Answer 47

Offering deep discounts of a limited quantity of inventory. Flash sales often run for a fixed period or until inventory is completely depleted. Players include Gilt Groupe and Amazon’s Zulily in fashion, and One Kings Lane in home décor.

Question 48

logistics

Answer 48

The process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported to their final destination.

Question 49

Fulfillment costs

Answer 49

The process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported to their final destination.

Question 50

70% of Amazon’s cost in purchasing Whole Foods was categorized as “goodwill”. What does that mean?

Answer 50

An accounting term for an intangible asset above and beyond the operations value of the firm. Goodwill can include the perceived value of the company’s brand name, customer base, loyalty, positive employee relations, as well as proprietary technology and patents.

Question 51

Amazon now rents out their technology stack. What is a technology stack?

Answer 51

All of the technology products and services used to build and run one single information technology solution (from voice recognition through back-end processing)

Question 52

White label

Answer 52

A fully supported product or service that's made by one company but sold by another. The term was popular by branded appliances, like Sears Kenmore, which were often designed and manufactured by established firms such as Maytag and General Electric. The term is now used in all sorts of products and services, including white label apps offered by GrubHub/LevelUp, which power branded apps at the salad firm Sweetgreen, or Amazon's Alexa Custom Assistant, used to produce custom voice assistants for Fiat Chrysler.

Question 53

Internet latency

Answer 53

A term often used in computing that refers to delay, especially when discussing networking and data transfer speeds. Low-latency systems are faster systems.

Question 54

Channel conflict

Answer 54

Exists when a firm’s potential partners see that firm as a threat. This threat could come because it offers competing products or services via alternative channels or because the firm works closely with especially threatening competitors. Amazon has become a victim of channel conflict when other retailers have dropped its offerings. For example, Barnes & Noble and other book retailers have refused to carry titles from Amazon’s publishing arm.

Question 55

Fire TV and Alexa services are thin devices, what does that mean?

Answer 55

Thin or thin client computing devices have very little computing power in the device itself, and instead perform the bulk of computing and storage over the network, “in the cloud.” Smart speakers and television streaming sticks are all examples of thin clients. The term “thin client” is also sometimes used to describe applications that run in a browser, but where most of the computing happens remotely (e.g., SaaS tools like Salesforce).

Question 56

Why would a company trust another firm, especially those who consider Amazon as a rival, with their computing infrastructure?

Answer 56

Lower costs due to cloud computing, the AWS cloud providers maintain the hardware, security, and software Scalability: increase capacity when need more computing and storage while scaling back on usage during periods of low demand Expertise: cloud providers have more expertise so less cost to train Speed and flexibility: Staff freed of this overhead should be able to develop and deploy systems faster than if they had to handle everything themselves, in-house

Question 57

Hybrid clouds

Answer 57

Cloud computing architectures that combine on-premises infrastructure with public cloud services, such as those provided by AWS or Microsoft Azure. A hybrid cloud might “turn on” public cloud resources as needed, if an organization's existing infrastructure can't meet surging demand. where work runs on internal systems, but shifts capacity to the cloud as extra resources are needed (you may hear such shifts of capacity to the cloud during times of usage spikes referred to as bursting)

Question 58

bursting

Answer 58

Shifting capacity to a cloud provider during periods of high demand. A firm that can take advantage of bursting to scale its information systems should never see its resources overtaxed since it can always rely on its partner to pick up any slack, as needed.

Question 59

instance

Answer 59

Instance is a computer term that refers to creating a software-based copy using a pre-defined model. Using AWS, one can create multiple instances of computing resources, such as a Windows server, as needed. The instance of a server isn’t a physical computer, but a software model that operates just like it were a physical computer. (virtual machine or virtual server)

Question 60

multiple instances can be run on a single physical server, true or false

Answer 60

true

Question 61

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Answer 61

allows anyone with a credit card to access industrial-strength, scalable computing resources. Services include computing capability, storage, and many operating systems, software development platforms, and enterprise-class applications. AWS is responsible for the majority of Amazon’s operating profit and, if considered a separate business, would be as big as a Fortune 100 company

Question 62

Amazon’s EC2

Answer 62

creates “virtual” servers that can be configured and operated in the cloud, just as if they were local devices running on site EC2 offers more flexibility but requires more setup and maintenance

Question 63

Amazon’s Lambdas

Answer 63

functions that can be written in a variety of programming languages and which execute in the cloud, hiding the infrastructure from the software developer Lambdas are less flexible but require less maintenance and can be set up very quickly

Question 64

Amazon’s S3

Answer 64

can store anything in a limitlessly expanding, cloud-based, hard-drive equivalent

Question 65

Amazon’s Redshift

Answer 65

a storage and tools solution for data warehousing; and various additional services that provide relational and noSQL databases

Question 66

Foundation model

Answer 66

A type of general purpose AI that can be further refined and built upon to perform a wide variety of specific tasks.

Question 67

Amazon has also begun to roll out services into so-called vertical solutions. What are vertical solutions?

Answer 67

Solutions targeted at a specific industry, such as health care or manufacturing.

Question 68

reinforcement learning through human feedback(RLHF)

Answer 68

An AI development approach that uses human guidance to train and “reward” a model for accurate performance

Question 69

Anthropic constitutional AI

Answer 69

As opposed to RLHF, which uses human feedback for reward-based AI training and refinement, constitutional AI explicitly codes a set of principles that are used to train the model. Proponents of constitutional AI believe this creates safer, more reliable models.

Question 70

Drop shipping

Answer 70

A type of retail where the seller collects an order, then passes it to the supplier, who ships product directly to the customer. In this way, the seller acts as a middleman and never takes possession of the items that are sold. where the seller simply acts as an order-taking middleman, then has the manufacturer ship the product directly to the consumer

Question 71

What does Shopify do?

Answer 71

Shopify sells a subscription to cloud-based tools that allow a firm to quickly set up an online e-commerce shop. The firm has laid off staff, dropped plans to become a fulfillment operator, and partnered with Amazon in an attempt to return to profitability; however, competition from Shopify-style offerings from Amazon, TikTok, and the rise of Shein and Temu pose challenges.

Question 72

Amazon’s Kindle Business

Answer 72

Kindle connects customers to the firm’s product offerings and inventory. – Firm’s top-selling product. – Arrives linked to the customer’s Amazon account. * The Kindle’s market position allowed it to undercut competition: – Kindle Fire was offered at half the price of its competition. – Kindle versions are sold at or below costs. – Digital publishing enables titles to enter the market far faster than physical offerings

Question 73

What happened to Amazon’s wholesale pricing as publishers switched to agency pricing?

Answer 73

It was endangered

Question 74

Wholesale pricing

Answer 74

Paying publishers for titles and then selling the books at whatever price it wanted (keep and sell)

Question 75

Agency pricing

Answer 75

Publisher sets the price and the reseller gets a cut (Expedia.com)

Question 76

Staying power

Answer 76

Long-term viability of a product or service

Question 77

Total cost of ownership (TCO)

Answer 77

Economic measure of the full cost of owning a product

Question 78

complementary benefits

Answer 78

Products or services that add additional value to the primary product or service that makes up a network

Question 79

Platforms

Answer 79

Allow for the development and integration of software products and other complementary goods

Question 80

value-adding sources

Answer 80

work together to reinforce one another to make the network effect even stronger (Each add-on of an iOS product enhances the value of choosing it over a rival)

Question 81

metaverse

Answer 81

Immersive digital worlds

Question 82

One-sided market

Answer 82

A market that derives most of its value from a single class of users

Question 83

Same-side exchange benefits

Answer 83

Benefits derived by interactions among members of a single class of participant

Question 84

Two-sided market

Answer 84

A network markets that compromises 2 distinct categories of participant, both of which are needed to deliver value for the network to work

Question 85

Cross-side exchange benefit

Answer 85

When an increase in the number of users on one side of the market (ex: console owners) creates a rise in the other side (software developers)

Question 86

monopoly

Answer 86

A market with many buyers and one dominant seller

Question 87

oligopoly

Answer 87

A market dominated by a small number of powerful sellers

Question 88

“Break up” of a firm

Answer 88

A requirement to use public & open standards, to share infrastructure, and turning the dominant platform into a public utility

Question 89

Technological leapfrogging

Answer 89

Competing by offering a new technology that is so superior to existing offering that the value overcomes the total resistance that older technologies might enjoy via exchange, switching costs & complementary benefits

Question 90

Trust proxies (social proof)

Answer 90

The positive influence created when someone finds out that others are doing something

Question 91

Blue ocean strategy

Answer 91

An approach where firms seek to create and compete in uncontested new “blue ocean” market spaces, rather than competing in spaces and ways that have attracted many similar rivals.

Question 92

convergence

Answer 92

when two or more markets, once considered distinctly separate, begin to offer similar features and capabilities (GPS)

Question 93

envelopment

Answer 93

where a firm seeks to make an existing market a subset of its product offering (Apple morphing iPod into iPhone)

Question 94

Backward compatibility

Answer 94

The ability to take advantage of complementary products developed for a prior generation of technology

Question 95

adaptor

Answer 95

A product that allows a firm to tap into the complementary products, data, or user base of another product or service

Question 96

The Osborne Effect

Answer 96

When a firm preannounces a forthcoming product or service and experiences a sharp and detrimental drop in sales of current offerings as users wait for the new item

Question 97

Congestion effects

Answer 97

occur when increasing numbers of users lower the value of a product or service, when key resources become more scarce

Question 98

Network effects (Metcalfe’s Law)

Answer 98

The value of a product or service increases as its number of users expands

Question 99

Switching costs

Answer 99

Incurred when moving from one product to another Directly related to staying power Strengthen the value of network effects

Question 100

The value derived from network effects comes from three sources which are?

Answer 100

exchange, staying power, and complementary benefits.

Question 101

Customer acquisition costs (CAC)

Answer 101

The amount of money a firm spends to convince a customer to buy (or in the case of free products, try or use) a product or service. CAC is a cost, so firms that can keep CAC low should be able to realize potential profits faster

Question 102

data harvesters

Answer 102

Cybercriminals who infiltrate systems and collect data for illegal resale

Question 103

Cash-out fraudsters

Answer 103

Criminals who purchase assets from data harvesters to be used for illegal financial gain. Actions may include using stolen credit card numbers to purchase goods, creating fake accounts via identity fraud, and more.

Question 104

botnets

Answer 104

Networks of infiltrated and compromised machines controlled by a central command (used for illegal activity), think spam, hard to track fraud, DDoS attacks

Question 105

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)

Answer 105

Effectively shutting down websites by overwhelming them with a crush load of seemingly real requests sent simultaneously by thousands of machines

Question 106

Malicious pranksters

Answer 106

trolls or griefsters

Question 107

hactivists

Answer 107

A protester seeking to make a political point by leveraging technology tools, often through system infiltration, defacement, or damage

Question 108

hacker

Answer 108

A term that, depending on the context, may be applied to either (1) someone who breaks into computer systems, or (2) a particularly clever programmer.

Question 109

hack

Answer 109

A term that may, depending on the context, refer to either (1) breaking into a computer system, or (2) a particularly clever solution.

Question 110

white hat hackers

Answer 110

Someone who uncovers computer weaknesses without exploiting them. The goal of the white hat hacker is to improve system security.

Question 111

black hat hackers

Answer 111

computer criminals

Question 112

red team

Answer 112

A term, taken from the military, where a trained team, unaffiliated with development staff, plays the role of adversary and tries to deliberately compromise systems. Red team reports are then shared with IS staff so that systems can be hardened, or secure, against attack and misuse.

Question 113

blue team

Answer 113

Defensive security professionals responsible for maintaining internal network defenses against cyberattacks and threats

Question 114

zero-day exploits

Answer 114

Attacks that are so new that they haven’t been clearly identified, and so they haven’t made it into security screening systems

Question 115

deepfakes

Answer 115

Sophisticated media (audio, image, video) created by AI that attempts to look or sound like a real person or event

Question 116

script kiddies

Answer 116

An unsophisticated hacker that relies on scripts or downloaded programs to perpetrate hacking rather than develop original exploits

Question 117

biometrics

Answer 117

Technologies that measure and analyze human body characteristics for identification or authentication (fingerprints, retina, voice, face id)

Question 118

tokenization

Answer 118

Sends one-time-use representations of a credit card over the internet

Question 119

public key cyrptography

Answer 119

A type of security where two keys are generated, a public key and a private key. When one key is used to “lock” or encrypt data, it can only be “unlocked” or decrypted by its possible (public->private, private->public). Keys are so large and complex that it's considered impractical to crack public-key cryptography by repeatedly guessing (often called a “brute force” attack) even if one had access to the world's most advanced supercomputer

Question 120

DNS Cache-poisoning

Answer 120

Redirect DNS (domain name service) to IP address mapping to another website; you think you’re going to visit your bank’s website, but actually it redirects you to a link that drains your bank account

Question 121

dumpster diving

Answer 121

sifting through trash in an effort to uncover valuable data or insights that can be stolen or used to launch a security attack. This might include hunting for discarded passwords written on Post-it notes, recovering unshredded printed user account listings, scanning e-mails or program printouts for system clues, recovering tape backups, resurrecting files from discarded hard drives, and more

Question 122

shoulder surfing

Answer 122

simply looking over someone’s shoulder to glean a password or see other proprietary information that might be displayed on a worker’s screen (gaining compromising info thru observation)

Question 123

encyrption

Answer 123

Scrambling data using a code or formula, known as a cipher, such that it is hidden from those who don’t have the unlocking key

Question 124

key (encryption)

Answer 124

Code that unlocks the encryption

Question 125

brute-force attacks

Answer 125

An attack that exhausts all possible password combinations in order to break into an account. The larger and more complicated a password or key, the longer a brute-force attack will take (trial-and-error method)

Question 126

intrusion detection systems

Answer 126

Specifically look for unauthorized behavior, sounding the alarm and potentially taking action if something seems wrong

Question 127

honeypots

Answer 127

A seemingly tempting, but bogus target meant to draw hacking attempts. By monitoring infiltration attempts against a honeypot, organizations may gain insight into the identity of hackers and their techniques, and they can share this with partners and law enforcement (bait for hackers)

Question 128

blacklist

Answer 128

denying the entry or exit of specific IP addresses, products, Internet domains, and other communication restrictions

Question 129

whitelists

Answer 129

permitting communication only with approved entities or in an approved manner

Question 130

corporate espionage

Answer 130

Might be performed by insiders, rivals or even foreign governments

Question 131

ransomware

Answer 131

Uses encryption to lock assets and then ask for $ to unlock

Question 132

cyberwarfare

Answer 132

Increasingly used tool among both spy agencies and military orgs, and the fallout can be spread far beyond the borders of the nations in conflict

Question 133

bad apples

Answer 133

Rogue employees who steal secrets, install malware, or hold a firm hostage

Question 134

social engineering

Answer 134

A non-technical strategy cyber attackers use that relies heavily on human interaction and often involves tricking people into breaking standard security practicesp

Question 135

phishing

Answer 135

Cyber attack that uses disguised email as a weapon. The goal is to trick the email recipient into believing that the message is something they want or need Ex: request from bank, note from someone in their company, click a link or download an attachment

Question 136

spoofing

Answer 136

the act of disguising a communication from an unknown source as being from a known, trusted source. Spoofing can apply to emails, phone calls, and websites

Question 137

viruses

Answer 137

infect other software or files

Question 138

worms

Answer 138

Take advantage of security vulnerability to automatically spread

Question 139

trojans

Answer 139

Attempt to sneak in by masquerading as something they're not

Question 140

malware

Answer 140

Any program or file that is harmful to a computer user

Question 141

Push-button hacking

Answer 141

Tools designed to easily automate attacks

Question 142

certificate authority

Answer 142

Trusted third party that provides authentication services in public key encryption schemes

Question 143

audits

Answer 143

Real-time monitoring of usage: announced & surprise

Question 144

patches

Answer 144

Software updates that plug existing holes

Question 145

firewalls

Answer 145

Control network traffic, block unauthorized traffic