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Geology > Chapters 7-8 > Flashcards

Chapters 7-8 Flashcards

1
Q

The set of crustal processes that form new rock, modify it, transport it, and break it down

A

Rock Cycle

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2
Q

The chemical and physical breakdown of rock exposed to air, moisture, and living organisms

A

Weathering

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3
Q

The mineralogical, texture, chemical, and structural changes that occur in rock as a result of exposure to elevated temperatures and/or pressures

A

Metamorphism

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4
Q

Small so aces between mineral grains

A

Pores

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5
Q

Cracks

A

Fractures

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6
Q

A loose layer of broken rock and mineral fragments that covers most of Earth’s surface. From the Greek: rego meaning blanket, and lith meaning stone

A

Regolith

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7
Q

The uppermost layer of regolith, which can support rooted plants

A

Soil

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8
Q

The breakdown of rock into solid fragments by physical processes that do not change the rock’s chemical composition

A

Mechanical weathering

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9
Q

The decomposition of rocks and minerals by chemical and biochemical reactions

A

Chemical Weathering

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10
Q

A fracture in a rock, along which no appreciable movement has occurred

A

Joint

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11
Q

Large curve slabs of rock peel off from the surface of a uniformly textured igneous rock

A

Sheet Jointing or Exfoliation

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12
Q

The spilling apart of rocks by repeated freezing and thawing of water that penetrated along the joints. The freeze-thaw cycle acts like a lever, prying the rock apart until it shatters

A

Frost Wedging

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13
Q

The widening of a crack by tree roots

A

Root Wedging

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14
Q

The gradual wearing away of bedrock by the constant battering of loose particles transported by water,wind, or ice. Wind erosion in which airborne particles chip small fragments off rocks that protrude from the surface

A

Abrasion

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15
Q

Algonquin Indian phrase meaning “mountain standing alone”. Is a generic term for a mountain that arises from a surrounding plane that is joint free and resisted mechanical weathering, because water cannot find an entry

A

Monadnock or Inselberg

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16
Q

A sedimentary rock that makes up Uluru or Ayers Rock in Australia

A

Arkose

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17
Q

Sediment washed down through the mountain slopes

A

Alluvial Fans (Uluru)

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18
Q

Human-generated

A

Anthropogenic

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19
Q

Rain water becoming acidified by interacting with anthropogenic sulfur and nitrogen compounds released into the atmosphere. Human caused acid rain is strong than natural acid rain, and causes accelerate weathering

A

Acid Rain

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20
Q

The separation of a material into ions in solution by a solvent such a s water or acid

A

Dissolution

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21
Q

Ions in minerals are tightly bonded and in a crystal lattice but ions in solutions can move about randomly and cause chemical reactions

A

Ion exchange

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22
Q

Hydrogen bonds released from acidic water enter and alter a mineral by displacing larger positively charged ions such as: potassium, sodium, and magnesium

A

Hydrolysis

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23
Q

A reaction between minerals and oxygen dissolved in water

A

Oxidation

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24
Q

A family of hydrous alumino-silicate minerals also tiny mineral particles of any kind that have physical properties those of clay minerals

A

Clay

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25
Q

A sediment made of relatively coarse mineral grains

A

Sand

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26
Q

Sediment with grain sizes between those of sand and clay

A

Silt

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27
Q

Partially decayed organic matter in soil

A

Humus

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28
Q

One of a succession of zones or layers within a soil profile, each with a distinct physical, chemical, and biological characteristics

A

Soil horizon

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29
Q

The sequence of soil horizons for the surface down to the underlying bedrock

A

Soil profile

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30
Q

The uppermost horizon in many soil profiles is an accumulation of organic matter

A

O horizon

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31
Q

Dark coloured layer of mixed mineral and organic matter

A

A horizon

32
Q

Light coloured layer marked by removal of soluble material

A

E horizon

33
Q

Maximum accumulation of clay minerals. Brownish or reddish in colour.

A

B horizon

34
Q

The subsoil. Is deepest consisting of parent rock material in various stages of weathering

A

C horizon

35
Q

The wearing away of bedrock and transport of loosened particles of fluids such as water

A

Erosion

36
Q

Fluids displaying different resistance to flow

A

Viscosity

37
Q

In this, all fluid particles travel in parallel layers

A

Laminar

38
Q

This flow is erratic and complex; full of swirls and eddies

A

Turbulent

39
Q

Sediment that is moved along the bottom of a stream

A

Bed load

40
Q

A mechanism of sediment transport in which particles move forward in a series of short jumps along an arc shaped path

A

Saltation

41
Q

Sediment that is carried in suspension by a flowing stream of water or wind

A

Suspended load

42
Q

A semi-perminent, or perennially frozen body of ice consisting largely of crystallized snow that moves under the pull of gravity

A

Glacier

43
Q

The downslope movement of regolith and/or bedrock masses due to the pull of gravity

A

Mass wasting

44
Q

The failing, slumping, or siding of relatively coherent masses of rock

A

Slope failure

45
Q

Any mass wasting process that involves a flowing motion of regolith containing water and/or air within its pores

A

Flow

46
Q

A sudden vertical, or nearly vertical, drop of rock fragments or debris

A

Fall

47
Q

Involve rapid displacement of a mass of rock or sediment in a straight line down a steep or slippery slope

A

Slides

48
Q

Involves rotational movement of rock and regolith that is downward and outward movement along a curved surface

A

Slump

49
Q

Occur when the regolith is saturated with water. They can occur either rapidly or slowly

A

Slurry Flows

50
Q

The imperceptibly slow downslope granular flow of regolith

A

Creep

51
Q

The balance between destabilizing forces (sheer stress) and stabilizing forces (sheer strength) on a slope

A

Factor of safety

52
Q

Sediment formed from fragmented rock and mineral debris produced by weathering and erosion

A

Clastic sediment

53
Q

Sediment formed by precipitation of minerals dissolved in water, river, or sea water

A

Chemical sediment

54
Q

Sediment that is primarily composed of plant and animal remains or that precipitates as a result of biological processes

A

Biogenic sediment

55
Q

The laying down of sediment

A

Deposition

56
Q

A sedimentary deposit, commonly triangle shaped, that forms where a stream enters a standing body of water

A

Delta

57
Q

Sediment that is carried and deposited by wind

A

Eolian sediment

58
Q

A semi-enclosed body of coastal water in which fresh water mixes with sea water

A

Estuary

59
Q

A rock formed by the evaporation of lake or sea water followed by lithification of the resulting salt deposit

A

Evaporite

60
Q

Turbulent, gravity driven flow consisting of a mixture of sediment and water which conveys sediment from the continental shelf to the deep sea

A

Turbidity currents

61
Q

The group of processes by which loose sediment is transformed into sedimentary rock

A

Lithification

62
Q

The layered arrangement of strata in a body of sediment or sedimentary rock

A

Bedding

63
Q

The top or bottom surface of a rock stratum or bed

A

Bedding surface

64
Q

Reduction of pore space in a sediment as a result of the weight of overlying sediment

A

Compaction

65
Q

The process in which substances dissolved in pore water, precipitate out, and form a matrix in which grains of sediment are joined together

A

Cementation

66
Q

The formation of new crystalline mineral grains from old ones

A

Recrystallization

67
Q

Clastic sedimentary rock with large fragments in a finer grained matrix

A

Conglomerate

68
Q

Medium grain clastic sedimentary rock in which the clasts are typically but not necessarily dominated by quartz grains

A

Sandstone

69
Q

A group of very fined grained non-fissile sedimentary rock types with differing proportions of silt- and clay-size particles

A

Mudstone

70
Q

Very fine grained fissile or laminated sedimentary rock consisting primarily of silt- or clay-sized particles; a fissile mudstone

A

Shale

71
Q

The splitting into sheet-like fragments

A

Fissile

72
Q

A type of chemical sedimentary rock rich in iron minerals and silica

A

Banded iron formation

73
Q

A sedimentary rock that consists primarily of the mineral calcite

A

Limestone

74
Q

A biogenic sediment formed from the accumulation and compaction of plant remains

A

Peat

75
Q

A combustible rock formed from the lithification of plant rich sediment

A

Coal

76
Q

A linear, fault bounded valley along a divergent plate boundary or spreading centre

A

Rift Valley

Geology (3 decks)

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