chapters 8 and 9

Question 1

Piaget’s first stage of moral development, in which children view justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from people (4-7)

Answer 1

heteronomous morality

Question 2

children become aware that rules and laws are created by people. Consider consequences and intentions when judging another’s actions (7-10)

Answer 2

autonomous morality

Question 3

Heteronomous thinker believes if a rule is broken, punishment is immediately meted

Answer 3

immanent justice

Question 4

parents belief their role is to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

Answer 4

emotion-dismissing parents

Question 5

parents who view negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assisting children in naming emotions

Answer 5

emotion-coaching parents

Question 6

internal regulations of standards of right and wrong

Answer 6

conscience

Question 7

sense of one’s own gender

Answer 7

gender identity

Question 8

expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, feel

Answer 8

gender roles

Question 9

acquisition of traditional gender characteristics

Answer 9

gender typing

Question 10

theory that gender differences result from contrasting roles of women and men

Answer 10

social role theory

Question 11

theory that stems from Freud’s view that preschool child develops and rejects sexual attraction to opposite sex parent, and subsequently identifies with the parent and adopts his or her characteristics

Answer 11

psychoanalytic theory of gender

Question 12

theory that children develop gender through observing and imitating what others do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate/inappropriate behavior

Answer 12

social cognitive theory of gender

Question 13

theory that gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their culture’s gender appropriate/inappropriate behavior

Answer 13

gender schema theory

Question 14

parenting style that is restrictive, punitive, rigid rules, and shows rage

Answer 14

authoritarian

Question 15

parenting style that encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on actions

Answer 15

authoritative (effective regardless of culture)

Question 16

uninvolved in child’s life

Answer 16

neglectful parenting (results in children who are socially incompetent, with poor self-control and inability to handle independence. May show patterns of truancy and delinquency in adolescence

Question 17

highly involved with few demands

Answer 17

indulgent parenting (results in children who rarely learn respect for others and have difficulty with self-control

Question 18

developmental consequences of abuse

Answer 18

poor emotional regulation, attachment problems, peer relations problems, school, depression, delinquency

Question 19

Vygotsky’s theory that children develop their ways of thinking and understanding mainly through social interaction

Answer 19

sociocultural cognitive theory

Question 20

infant behavior allowing pleasure from infants exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas

Answer 20

sensorimotor play

Question 21

repetition of behaviors to learn skills

Answer 21

practice play

Question 22

transforming physical environment into symbol (“I’m fixing the car” by working on a block)

Answer 22

pretense/symbolic play

Question 23

play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas

Answer 23

constructive play

Question 24

play that involves social interactions with peers

Answer 24

social play

Question 25

category of learning disabilities involving severe impairment in reading and spelling

Answer 25

dyslexia

Question 26

learning disability involving difficulty handwriting

Answer 26

dysgraphia

Question 27

developmental arithmetic disorder/difficulty in math computation

Answer 27

dyscalculia

Question 28

one or more of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Answer 28

ADHD

Question 29

concrete operation involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension such as length

Answer 29

seriation

Question 30

ability to logically combine relations to understand conclusions

Answer 30

transivity

Question 31

centering of attention on one characteristic to exclusion of all others

Answer 31

centration

Question 32

deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of info

Answer 32

strategies

Question 33

important strategy for remembering that involves engaging in more extensive processing of info

Answer 33

elaboration

Question 34

theory that memory is best understood by considering two types: verbatim memory trace and gist

Answer 34

fuzzy trace theory

Question 35

most important executive functions for cognitive development and school success

Answer 35

self-control, working memory, flexibility

Question 36

thinking that process one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind tested by standardized tests

Answer 36

convergent thinking

Question 37

thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of cretivity

Answer 37

divergent thinking

Question 38

cognition about cognition

Answer 38

metacognition

Question 39

theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical

Answer 39

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 40

reading should parallel children's language learning

Answer 40

whole-language approach

Question 41

reading should teach basic rules for translating symbols into sounds

Answer 41

phonics approach

Question 42

knowledge about language

Answer 42

metalinguistic awareness