Chapters 9-11 Flashcards by Eva Bostwick

Biophilia

Love and respect for living things

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Biophobia

Scared/ hate towards living organisms

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Ecological extinction

So few members left it doesn’t play an ecological role anymore

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Biological extinction

Species is not found anywhere on earth

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Local extinction

Species is no longer found in a certain area

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Endangered

Close to extinction

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Threatened

Close to endangerment

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What % of the today’s food crops were domesticated from wild tropical plants?

90%

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What % of the world’s population relies on plants/ plant extracts for medicines?

80%

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What % of all species that have ever existed are now extinct?

99.9%

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Natural Rate of Extinction/ Background

Small number of species that become extinct natrually

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Mass extinction

Short period of time with HIGH rates of extinction

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How many species per day become extinct?

50-200

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Ecosystem approach

Aims to preserve balanced populations of species in their native habitats, establish protected areas, and reduce nonnative species

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Species approach

Based on protecting endangered species by identifying them, giving them legal protection, preserving their habitats, and reintroducing them

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Wildlife Management Approach

Manages game (hunted) species for sustained yield

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International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

World’s leading authority on species conservation

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IUCN Red List

Most comprehensive assessment of threatened species status

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

-1995
-signed by 183 countries
-lists almost 38,700 species that cannot be traded cause they are endangered or threatened

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Endangered Species Act

-1973
-allows the National Marine Fisheries Service and the US Fish and Wildlife Service to identify and list endangered and threatened species
-amendments in 78, 82, and 88 were good
-2004 was bad; it exempted the Department of Defense from some critical habitat designations

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Examples of US Endangered Species

-bald eagle; recovered enough to be taken off list in 2007
-whooping crane; low point was 54 members
-red wolf; low point was 17 members
-california condor; most expensive species conservation project in US history
-florida manatee; recently removed from list

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Wildlife Management

Manipulating wildlife populations and their habitats for their welfare and for human benefit

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Flyways

-migratory birds are managed this way
-north- south migration routes

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Invasive Species are also called what?

-alien
-introduced
-nonnative

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Invasive Species

Species that were accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans -often generalist, r- selected species that outcompete native species

Invasive Species examples

-zebra mussel -kudzu vine -lionfish -burmese python

Largest threats to any species (in order) (HIPPCO)

1. Loss of degradation or HABITAT 2. Harmful INVASIVE species 3. Human POPULATION growth 4. POLLUTION 5. CLMATE change -OVEREXPLOTATION

Provisioning ecosystem service

food, water, medicine, raw materials

Regulating ecosystem service

pollution, water purification, pest control

Supporting ecosystem service

species habitats, genetic diversity

Cultural ecosystem service

intellectual development, tourism

What % of US land is set aside for public use, enjoyment, and wildlife?

42% -73% of which is Alaska

Sustainable yield

Renewable resources should not be harvested faster than they are replenished

Multiple use

Land should be used simultaneously for a variety of uses

Old- growth forests

Uncut forests and regenerated forests that have not been seriously disturbed for at least a several hundred years

Second- growth forests

Stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession AFTER cutting

What % of cut timber is used for heating and cooking worldwide?

55%

What country is the largest importer of wood products?

US per capita and China overall

Forest watersheds

Filter and regulate flow of water from mountain highlands to croplands and urban areas

What % of atmospheric water vapor comes from trees?

50-80%

What % of atmospheric carbon dioxide do forests take up?

90%

What biome provides the most habitats for wildlife species?

Forests

How many square miles per yer is the loss and degradation of remaining tropical forests?

46,000 square miles

Primary causes of deforestation

-population growth -poverty -government policies

Secondary causes of deforestation

-roads -logging -farming -ranching -flooding from dams -mining -oil drilling

Even- aged management (industrial forestry)

Trees are planted and maintained about the same age and size using monoculture techniques to be harvested simutaneously

Uneven- aged management

Planting a variety of tree species at many ages for multiple uses -increases biodiversity and creates more stable enviornment

Selective cutting

Trees cut out in small groups or singularly -best method

High grading

Selective cutting of the most valuable trees

Shelterwood cutting

Removes all mature trees in 2 or 3 cuttings over 10 years

Seed- tree cutting

Harvests nearly all of a stand's trees in 1 cutting -leaving some seeds to produce new trees and regenerate the stand

Clear- cutting

Removes all trees from an area in 1 cutting

Strip cutting

Clear cutting along the contour of the land, narrow enough to allow natural regeneration

Whole tree harvesting

Cutting trees at ground level or uprooting entire trees

Surface fires

Burn only undergrowth and leaf litter on the forest floor

Crown fires

Start on the ground but eventually burn whole trees and leap from treetop to treetop

Prescribed burning

Setting controlled ground fires to prevent buildup of flammable material

Presuppression

Early detection and control of fires

Suppression

Fighting fires once they have started

What % of freshwater species are at risk for extinction?

33-50%

Bycatch

Unintentionally caught species

Examples of freshwater biodiversity loss

-florida everglades -the great lakes -lake victoria

Fishery regulations

set, monitor, and enforce quotas

Economic approaches

reduce or eliminate subsidies

Protected areas

Establish no fishing marine areas

Inshore waters have much higher...

Productivity

Shallow waters are more...

Accessible to humans

Deep waters cannot...

Sustain large fish populations

Magnuson- Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976

States that conservation and management measures shall prevent over fishing while delivering optimum yield

Ghost fishing

lost nets and traps that continue to catch fish

Fish farming

Cultivating fish in a controlled enviornment

Fish ranching

Keep fish captive for a few years and then release and harvest them as adults -for anadromous species (live part lives on freshwater and part in salt water)

Keystone species

Organism that helps define an entire ecosystem

Chapters 9-11 Flashcards

(74 cards)