Chapters 9, 11, and 12 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Emmetropic
A
Normal eyeball length
2
Q
Hyperopic
A
Eyeball is shorter than normal
Lens is less convex than normal
3
Q
Myopic
A
Eyeball is longer than normal
Lens is more convex than normal
4
Q
left optic tract connects to
A
left retina of left eye AND left retina of right eye
5
Q
left optic nerve connects to
A
left retina of left eye AND right retina of left eye
6
Q
left superior colliculus connects to
A
left retina of left eye AND left retina of right eye
7
Q
left primary visual cortex connects to
A
left retina of left eye AND left retina of right eye
8
Q
left retina geniculate nucleus connects to
A
left retina of left eye AND left retina of right eye
9
Q
Order the events following a photoreceptor absorbing light:
A
1) opsin activates G-protein (transduction)
2) phosphodiesterase is activated
3) phosphodiesterase breaks down cyclic GMP
4) voltage gated sodium and calcium channel close
5) release of glutamate is reduced
10
Q
Order the events following exposure of the basilar membrane to movement:
A
1) stereocilia of hair cells bend against tectorial membrane
2) movement of the stereocilia toward the tallest cilia opens K+ channels
3) voltage gated calcium channels open
4) synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane
5) glutamate is released
11
Q
Nearsightedness is corrected with ___________ lenses
A
concave
12
Q
Yellow light causes an ____________ in glutamate release from blue absorbing photoreceptors
A
increase
13
Q
Damage to the left optic nerve would cause blindness in the ________ eye
A
left
14
Q
High frequency sound is detected by portions of the cochlea _______ the oval window
A
near
15
Q
Movement of the vestibular and basement membranes is detected by _________ cells in the cochlear duct
A
hair
16
Q
Skeletal muscle
A
contains troponin
ATPase of myosin heads is intrinsically active
contains actin and myosin
contains tropomyosin
17
Q
Cardial muscle
A
contains troponin
contains tropomyosin
contains actin and myosin
ATPase of myosin heads is intrinsically active
18
Q
Smooth muscle
A
contains tropomyosin
contains actin and myosin
ATPase of myosin heads must be activated by light-chained kinase
19
Q
Put in order as they would occur in a skeletal or cardiac muscle cell:
A
1) Ca2+ diffuses into intracellular fluid
2) Ca2+ binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin away from actin
3) myosin heads bind to actin
4) myosin head bends and pulls actin towards M-line
5) muscle cell contracts
20
Q
Put in order causing activation of skeletal muscle cell by a neuron:
A
acetylcholine is released from motor neuron bulb into synaptic cleft
2) acetylcholine binds to nicotinic-m receptors in motor end plate
3) action potential propagates along sarcolemma
4) action potential opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels in T-tubules and SR
5) calcium ions are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
21
Q
Put in order for initiating smooth muscle contraction:
A
1) myosin light chain (MLC) kinase is activated by calcium-calmodulin
2) MLC kinase activates (Pi) the ATPase of myosin head
3) ATPase splits ATP and energizes the cross bridges
4) yosin head bind to actin
5) myosin head bends and pulls actin toward M-line
22
Q
In skeletal and cardiac muscle myosin cross bridges are phosphorylated and activated by___________
A
ATP
23
Q
in skeletal and cardiac muscle actin must be ___________ to allow cross bridge cycling
A
uncovered
24
Q
in skeletal and cardiac muscle calcium binds to _____________ and uncovers actin
A
troponin
25
in smooth muscle calcium is involved in ___________ MLC kinase
activating
26
in smooth muscle MLC kinase is necessary to ____________ the ATPase of the myosin heads and allow cross bridge cycling
activate/phosphorylate
27
Match in response to motor neurons:
Synaptic bulbs
release neurotranmitters
28
Match in response to motor neurons:
axon hillock
generate action potential
29
Match in response to motor neurons:
dendrites
receive signals from other neurons
30
Match in response to motor neurons:
cell body
convey signals from the dendrite
31
Match in response to motor neurons:
axon
conduct signals toward the synaptic bulb
32
Stretch reflexes:
provide for automatic adjustment of skeletal muscle length
is triggered by muscle spindles
33
myotatic reflexes:
prevent unusually high tension in a muscle
is triggered by Golgi tendon organs
34
flexor reflexes:
withdraw a limb from noxious stimuli
35
Put in order following stretch of skeletal muscles:
1) muscle spindle stretches
2) action potential is initiated in the spindle sensory neuron
3) neurotransmitter is released onto alpha motor neuron
4) action potential is initiated in the alpha motor neuron
5) acetylcholine is released onto skeletal (extrafusal) muscle
36
Medial motor pathway:
tectospinal tract
vestibulospinal tract
involved in control of proximal, head and trunk muscles and posture
37
Lateral motor pathway:
corticospinal tract
involved in control of distal muscles and fine movement
38
a _______ __________ is an alpha motor neuron and the skeletal muscle cells it innervates
motor unit
39
gamma motor neurons adjust the ___________ __________ of muscle spindles
set point
40
the __________ __________ __________ is involved in control of body image and perception of spatial relations
posterior parietal cortex
41
the __________ __________ __________ is involved in control of distal muscles
primary motor cortex
42
the __________ __________ are involved in the selection / initiation of willed movement
basal nuclei
43
Put structures in order they are affected by sound waves entering the ear:
1) tympanic membrane
2) auditory ossicles
3) oval window
4) perilymph
5) hair cells
44
Put in order the central pathway for perception of sound:
1) cochlear nerve
2) ventral cochlear nucleus of medulla
3) inferior colliculus of midbrain
4) medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus
5) auditory cortex
45
Put in order that light waves pass into the eye and through the retina:
1) cornea
2) pupil
3) crystalline lens
4) retinal ganglion cells
5) photoreceptor cells
46
Matching in context of photoreceptors:
hyperpolarizes and secretes less glutamate
rod exposed to blue/green
red absorbing cone exposed to red
47
Matching in context of photoreceptors:
Depolarizes and secretes more glutamate
rod exposed to red
blue absorbing cone exposed to yellow
green absorbing cone exposed to magenta
48
Put in order that neural signals travel in the retina and then into the CNS:
1) photoreceptor cells
2) bipolar cells
3) retinal ganglion cells
4) optic nerve
5) lateral geniculate nuclei of thalamus
49
Astigmatism
requires complementary cylindrical eyeglasses for correction
50
Emmetropia
uses about +7 diopter eye lens for far vision (no glasses required)
uses about +20 diopter eye lens for close vision (no glasses required)
51
Hyperopic
with +20 diopter eye lens, requires (+) diopter eyeglasses for close vision
52
Myopic
with +7 diopter eye lens, requires (-) diopter eyeglasses for far vision
53
Order they occur to cause contraction of a skeletal muscle cell:
1) Ca2+ diffuses into intracellular cell
2) Ca2+ binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin away from actin
3) Myosin heads bind to actin
4) Myosin head bends and pulls actin towards M-line
5) Muscle cell contracts
54
Order they occur to cause contraction of a skeletal muscle cell:
1) Acetylcholine binds to nicotine-m receptors of skeletal muscle cell
2) Action potential propagates along sarcolemma of skeletal cell
3) Ca2+ channels open in transverse tubules/sarcoplasmic reticulum
4) Ca2+ ions diffuse into intracellular fluid
5) Ca2+ binds to troponin and uncovers actin
55
Order they occur to cause contraction of cardiac muscle cell:
1) Na+ and Ca2+ ions diffuse through gap junctions into cardiac muscle cell
2) Action potential propagates along sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cell
3) Ca2+ channels open in transverse tubules/sarcoplasmic reticulum
4) Ca2+ ions diffuse into intracellular fluid
5) Ca2+ binds to troponin and uncovers actin
56
Order they occur to cause contraction of smooth muscle cell:
1) Myosin light chain (MLC) kinase is activated by calcium-calmodulin
2) MLC kinase phosphorylates (activates) the ATPase of myosin
3) ATP energizes and elongates myosin heads
4) The myosin cross-bridges bind to actin
5) The myosin heads bend and pull actin towards M-lines
57
Order they occur during cross-bridge cycling in a skeletal muscle cell:
1) ATP binds to myosin and causes they myosin cross-bridge to release from actin
2) ATP binding energizes (elongates) the myosin cross-bridge
3) The myosin cross-bridge binds with the actin
4) The myosin cross-bridge recoils back to original shape (bends) and pulls actin
5) ADP is released, but the myosin head remains bound to actin
58
Large motor skills
generally control gross motor movement
Large alpha motor neurons connected to many skeletal muscle cells
59
Small motor skills
generally control precise movement
Small alpha motor neurons connected to few skeletal muscle cells
60
Large AND small motor skills
include gamma motor neuron and muscle spindle cells
61
Order they occur in response to stimulation of an alpha motor neuron:
1) Dendrites of motor neuron respond to glutamate
2) Action potential is generated at axon hillock and into axon
3) Ca2+ enter synaptic bulb of motor neuron
4) Synaptic vesicles fuse to presynaptic membrane of motor neuron
5) Acetylcholine is released from synaptic bulb of motor neuron
62
Order that signals from muscle spindles travel to cause muscle contraction:
1) Stretch receptors around muscle spindles
2) Muscle spindle sensory neurons
3) Posterior horn of spinal cord
4) Alpha motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord
5) Skeletal muscle cells
63
Order that signals from nociceptors travel to cause muscle contraction:
1) Cutaneous nociceptor neurons
2) Posterior horn of spinal cord
3) Excitatory and inhibitory interneuron in posterior horn of spinal cord
4) Alpha motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord
5) Limb flexor muscle
64
Controls distal and precision muscles
Small motor units
Corticospinal tract
Lateral motor pathways
65
Controls axial and postural muscles
Large motor units
Medial motor pathways
66
Lateral motor pathways
Include the corticospinal tract
Controls distal and fine (precision) muscles
67
Medial motor pathways
control axial and postural muscles
include the vestibulospinal tract for control of balance
include the tectospinal tract for control of orientation of head and eyes
68
Low frequency sound is detected by the portions of the basilar membrane of the cochlea that are more__________ (characteristic)
flexible
69
movement of the basilar membrane and/or tectorial membrane causes the __________ of the hair cells to move
stereocilia
70
an image is focused on the retina by both the __________ and the __________
cornea, lens
71
the loss of elasticity of the lens with increasing age is called __________
presbyopia
72
nearsightedness is corrected with __________ lenses
concave
73
light striking the retina is detected by __________ cells
photoreceptor
74
damage to the left optic tract would cause blindness in the __________ visual field
right
75
damage to the temporal lobe would interfere with perceiving the __________ of words
meaning
76
an image is focused on the retina by refraction in the __________ and the __________
cornea, lens
77
far vision becomes sharp when the ciliary muscle __________
relaxes
78
nearsightedness is corrected with __________ __________ eyeglasses
(-) diopter, concave
79
an abnormal growth of fibrous tissue of the eye lens, causing clouding, is called a __________
cataract
80
__________binds to nicotinic-m receptors in the motor endplate of skeletal muscle cells
acetylcholine
81
release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cells depends on the generation of __________ __________ in the sarcolemma and transverse tubules
action potentials
82
in __________ and __________ muscle, the ATPase of the heads of the myosin is always active and able to break apart ATP and energize the myosin
skeletal, cardiac
83
in __________ muscle, the ATPase of the heads of the myosin is inactive and unable to break apart ATP until activation of the ATPase by myosin light chain (MLC) kinase
smooth
84
in skeletal and cardiac muscle Ca2+ binds to __________ and uncovers actin
troponin
85
in smooth muscle Ca2+ binds to __________ and activates MLC kinase, which in turn activates the __________ of the myosin heads
calmodulin, ATPase
86
binding of __________(a protein) to __________ (a protein) causes muscle contraction
myosin, actin
87
the motor end plates of skeletal muscle cells are innervated by _________ motor neurons
alpha
88
skeletal muscle length is controlled largely by __________ reflexes
stretch
89
skeletal muscle length is measured by __________ __________ sensory neurons
muscle spindle
90
__________ motor neurons stimulate the contraction of muscle spindles and thereby adjust the set point of muscle spindles
gamma
91
withdrawal of a limb from noxious stimulation requires __________ of flexor motor neurons and __________ of extensor motor neurons
excitation, inhibition
92
the __________ tract is involved in controlling muscles for posture in response to signals from the semicircular canals
vestibulospinal
93
the __________ tract is involved in controlling muscles for movement of the head and trunk in response to signals from the eyes
tectospinal
94
the __________ tracts are involved in controlling the excitability (sensitivity) of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem
reticulospinal
95
the __________+ tract is involved in integrating the control of muscles located distally with the control of muscles located proximally
rubrospinal
96
the __________ tract is involved especially in the control of muscles located distally for precise movements
corticospinal
97
the __________ nuclei are involved in initiating the control of muscles in voluntary movements
basal
98
abnormally low secretion of __________ by substantia nigra is associated with the loss of intentional control of movement, seen clinically as Parkinson's Disease
dopamine
99
vision (visual reception) uses
accessory sensory cell photoreceptors
100
smell (olfactory reception) uses
accessory sensory cell chemorceptors
101
taste (gustatory reception) uses
accessory sensory cell photoreceptors
102
hearing (auditory reception) uses
accessory sensory cell mechanoreceptors
103
Order as the ear and CNS process neural signals:
1) auditory hair cells---> spiral ganglion cells
2) cochlear nuclei---> superior olive
3) inferior colliculi
4) thalamus---> medial geniculate nucleus
5) primary auditory cortex
104
myopic
vision is better close up than far away
105
hyperopia
vision is better far away than close up
106
Order as rods absorb blue/green light:
1) opsin (G-protein coupled receptor) absorbs blue/green light
2) transducin (G-protein) binds to GTP and releases from opsin
3) G-protein alpha subunit activates phosphodiesterase
4) cyclic GMP (cGMP) is converted back to GMP
5) in the absence of cGMP, cGMP gated Na+ channels close
107
Match in context of photoreceptors
Hyperpolarizes and secretes less glutamate
any photoreceptor absorbing light
red absorbing cone exposed to red
108
Match in context of photoreceptors
Depolarizes and secretes more glutamate
any photoreceptor not absorbing light
blue absorbing cone exposed to yellow
green absorbing cone exposed to magenta
109
Order as the eye and CNS process neural signals:
1) photoreceptor cells
2) bipolar cells
3) retinal ganglion cells---> optic nerve--- optic tract
4) thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)
5) primary visual cortex
110
left thalamus receives signals from
left half of retina of left eye
left half of retina of right eye
111
left optic nerve receives signals from
left half of retina of left eye
112
right optic tract receives signals from
none of above
113
right optic nerve receives signals from
left half of retinal of right eye
114
right primary visual cortex receives signals from
none of above
115
Order to cause secretion of neurotransmitter from an alpha motor neuron:
1) depolarization occurs in dendrites of motor neuron
2) action potential is generated in axon of motor neuron
3) Ca2+ enter synaptic bulb of motor neuron
4) synaptic vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane of motor neuron
5) acetylcholine is released from synaptic bulb of motor neuron
116
Order to cause release and action of Ca2+ in a skeletal muscle cell:
1) acetylcholine binds to nicotinic-m receptors of muscle cell
2) Na+ ions pass through ligand gated channels into intracellular fluid of muscle cell
3) action potential is generated and propagates along sarcolemma of muscle cell
4) Ca2+ ions pass through gated channels into intracellular fluid of muscle cell
5) Ca2+ binds to troponin and exposes actin of muscle cell
117
Order they occur for energizing/de-energizing myosin in skeletal muscle cells:
1) the ATPase of myosin uses ATP to energize (elongate) the myosin
2) they yosin touches the actin and Pi (phosphate) is released
3) the myosin bends and pulls the actin
4) ADP releases from myosin
5) in the presence of ATP, the myosin releases from actin
118
small motor units
control precise movement
small alpha motor neurons, each connected teo a few skeletal muscle cells
119
large motor units
control position and postural movement
large alpha motor neurons, each connected to many skeletal muscle cells
120
large and small motor units
include muscle spindle cells and spindle sensory neurons
121
Order they occur to cause feedback control of skeletal muscle length:
1) stretch receptors around muscle spindles of motor unit detect muscle stretch
2) sensory signals travel into spinal cord
3) alpha motor neurons of motor unit are excited
4) motor signals travel out of spinal cord
5) skeletal muscle cells contract to expected length
122
wave motions of sound are detected by _________ __________ located in the cochlear duct
hair, cells
123
portions of the basilar membrane in the cochlea near the oval window resonate best with __________ frequency sound
high
124
sensory information from each ear first synapses in the __________ nuclei of the brainstem
cochlear
125
sound is localized, in large part, by measurement in the brainstem of differences in __________ of arrival of signals from the two ears
time
126
an image is focused on th3e retina by refraction caused by both the __________ and the __________ in the ey
cornea, lens
127
in an emmetropic eye, near vision becomes sharp when the ciliary muscle __________ (action)
contracts
128
farsightedness is usually corrected with __________ lenses in eyeglasses
+ diopter
129
nearsightedness is usually corrected with __________ lenses in eyeglasses
- diopter
130
abnormal growth of fibrous connective tissue of an eye lens causes __________
cataracts
131
the motor end plates of skeletal (extrafusal) muscle cells are innervated by __________ motor neurons
alpha
132
__________ binds to nicotinic-m receptors in the motor endplate of skeletal muscle cells
acetylcholine
133
in skeletal muscle, the aTPase of the heads of the myosin is normally active and able to break apart __________ and energize the myosin
ATP
134
in skeletal muscle, Ca2+ binds to __________ in order to uncover binding sites on actin
troponin
135
skeletal muscle length is controlled largely by __________ reflexes
stretch
136
skeletal muscle length is measured by __________ __________ sensory neurons
muscle, spindle
137
gamma motor neurons stimulate the contraction of muscle spindles and thereby adjust the __________ __________ of muscle spindles
set, point
138
the __________, a major region of th brain, continuously monitor the length of muscle cells in the motor units of the body
cerebellum
139
withdrawal of a limb from noxious stimulation requires __________ of flexor motor neurons and __________ of extensor motor neurons
excitation, inhibition
140
the primary motor cortex together with the lateral motor pathways, play a major role in controlling __________ (location) muscles and precise motor movement
distal
141
the premotor cortex together with the pons, medulla, and medial motor pathways, play a major role in controlling __________ (location) muscles and planning postural and positional movement
proximal
