Chapters 9-12 - UNIT TEST - Notes

Question 1

Syntax

Answer 1

The rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular languages

Question 2

Grammar

Answer 2

The entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language

Question 3

What stage of life does language learning begin?

Answer 3

The womb

Question 4

The ability to understand words develops slightly before the ability to produce words also know as this 3 word phrase

Answer 4

COMPREHENSION precedes PRODUCTION

Question 5

Proto Language is also known as:

Answer 5

Pre-language

Question 6

Language develops in what 5 stages?

Answer 6

1) Cooing
2) Babbling
3) 1-word utterances
4) 2-word utterances
5) Sentence phase

Connie banishes 1 or 2 sandwiches

Question 7

What age is the cooing stage of language?

Answer 7

0-6 months

Question 8

What age is the babbling stage of language?

Answer 8

5-6 months

Question 9

What age is 1-word utterances language stage?

Answer 9

12 months

Question 10

What age is the 2 word utterance stage of language?

Answer 10

18 months

Question 11

What age is the sentence phase of language?

Answer 11

2 1/2 - 3 years old

(Toddler age)

Question 12

If someone’s language is never able to develop… What happened?

Answer 12

They were not exposed to human language during their language sensitivity period while they were young

Question 13

What age as neural pruning and neural wiring reached its peak?

Answer 13

12

Question 14

Sociocultural Theories emphasize what?

Answer 14

That we learn language from the people around us

Question 15

B.F Skinner argued what? (bell/dog guy)

Answer 15

He argued that language exists because it is reinforced and shaped

Question 16

What is the Nativist View of Language?

Answer 16

It says that we discover language rather than learn it in language development

Question 17

What did Noam Chomsky argue? (LAD)

Answer 17

He argued that humans have a language-acquisition device (LAD)

Question 18

Ben Whorf and Edward Sapir proposed what?

Answer 18

They proposed the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis which says

“Language creates thought as much as thought creates language”

Question 19

What is the Linguistic Determinism Hypothesis?

Answer 19

Our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world

Question 20

Cognition

Answer 20

Mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge

Question 21

Cognition psychology

Answer 21

The science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive

Question 22

Mental representation

Answer 22

A structure in the mind that stands for something else

Question 23

Visual Imagery

Answer 23

Are visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is NO LONGER present

Question 24

Mental Rotation

Answer 24

The process of imagining an object turning in 3-D space

Question 25

What is Concept Hierarchy

Answer 25

The arrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific

Question 26

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 26

Reasoning from general statements to specific conclusions

Question 27

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 27

Reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence

Question 28

Causal Inferences

Answer 28

Judgements about causation of one thing by another

Question 29

Confirmation Bias

Answer 29

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one’s beliefs

Question 30

Heuristics

Answer 30

Mental shortcuts for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements

Question 31

Charles Spearman’s g-factor theory

Answer 31

Intelligence is a single general (g) factor made up of specific components

Question 32

What are the 3 different kinds of intelligence?

Answer 32

1 - Verbal Intelligence Lang-based reasoning 2 - Spatial Intelli Visualizing objects from diff angles 3 - Quantitative Math nerd pretty much

Question 33

What did Raymond Cattel come up with?

Answer 33

Fluid and Crystalized Intelligence

Question 34

Multiple-factor theory of intelligence

Answer 34

The idea that intelligence consists of distinct dimensions and is not just a single factor

Question 35

What did John Carrol do?

Answer 35

He further subdivided intelligence into a 3-level hierarchy

Question 36

What is the order of John Carroll’s 3-level hierarchy

Answer 36

GENERAL Intelligence BROAD intelligence NARROW intelligence

Question 37

What does the score of zero mean in zero scores?

Answer 37

It means your intelligence is average

Question 38

What does a score above zero mean is zero scores?

Answer 38

You have above average intelligence

Question 39

What does a score below zero mean is zero scores?

Answer 39

It means you have below average intellingence

Question 40

What does Robert Sternberg’s main work focus?

Answer 40

he focused on Sucessful Intelligence… which is an integrated set of abilities needed in life

Question 41

What did William Stern introduce?

Answer 41

The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Question 42

What is IQ?

Answer 42

It is mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 (MA / CA) 100 = IQ

Question 43

What did David Wechsler do?

Answer 43

Created the WAIS (for adults) and WISC (for kids) These tests are the most widely administered test in the United States

Question 44

Nadeen and Alan Kaufman developed what?

Answer 44

They developed the Kaufman - Assesment Battery for Children OR the K-ABC

Question 45

Reliability

Answer 45

The consistency of a measurement

Question 46

Validity

Answer 46

The degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure