Chapters Seven Through Eleven: Exam Two Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
energy
A
the ability to do work
2
Q
kinetic energy
A
energy from motion
3
Q
potential energy
A
energy in storage
4
Q
alternative resources
A
anything other than fossil fuels
5
Q
energy efficiency
A
percentage of total energy input that does useful work
6
Q
net efficiency
A
efficiency of a process including two or more conversion
7
Q
fossil fuels
A
fossilized organic matter
8
Q
proven reserves
A
deposits that have been located, measured, and inventoried
9
Q
subeconomic reserves
A
reserves that are too expensive to extract
10
Q
indicated/inferred reserves
A
deposits that are thought to exist and will probably be used in the future
11
Q
coal
A
solid composed primarily of carbon
12
Q
anthracite
A
hard coal, highest carbon content and lowest moisture content
13
Q
bituminous
A
soft coal, most common in US reserves, heating value lower than anthracite
14
Q
subbituminous and lignite coal
A
low heating values, contain low sulfur
15
Q
petroleum
A
crude oil, dark liquid composed of hydrocarbon compounds
16
Q
natural gas
A
composed of several types of gases: mostly methane with some ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane
17
Q
associated gas
A
natural gas when it occurs with petroleum deposit
18
Q
non associated gas
A
gas deposits not associated with petroleum
19
Q
oil shales
A
fine-grained, compacted sedimentary rocks that contain varying amounts of kerogen
20
Q
kerogen
A
combustible organic matter found in oil shales
21
Q
tar sands
A
sandstones that contain bitumen
22
Q
bitumen
A
a thick, high sulfur, tar-like liquid found in tar sands
23
Q
acid drainage
A
when air and water come into contact with sulfur-bearing rock and coal the sulfur forms SO2
24
Q
overburden
A
the vegetation, soil and rock layers removed in strip mining
25
conservation revolution
the limiting of the use of supplies in the US after the events of the 1970s to extend oil supplies
26
life cycle cost
initial cost plus lifetime operating costs
27
nuclear energy
the power contained within the nucleus of an atom
28
binding dress
what holds together the protons and neutrons
29
isotope
an element that has a different number of neutrons from other varieties of the element
30
reactor core
hundreds of fuel assemblies
31
containment vessel
thick-walled container housing the reactor core
32
passive solar system
relies only on the natural forces of conduction, convection, and radiation to distribute heat
33
active solar system
uses fans or pumps to enhance the collection and distribution of the sun's heat
34
solar pond
a lined cavity filled with water and salt used to produce electricity
35
photovoltaic cell
generates clean, affordable electricity directly from sunlight, with no boilers, turbines, generators, pipes, or cooling towers
36
hydropower
the energy of falling water
37
geothermal energy
heat generated by natural processes occurring beneath Earth's surface
38
ocean power
energy derived from the seas
39
biomass energy
harnessed from organic matter used as fuel
40
biogas
the gases released by decaying plant matter and animal waste
41
solid waste
refuse, material rejected or discarded as being spent, useless, worthless, or in excess
42
actual rate of increase
the true growth rate of a country
43
age distribution
percentage of the population of each sex at each age level in a population
44
age-specific fertility rate
the number of live births per 1,000 women of a specific age group per year
45
crude birth rate
number of live births per 1000 people per year
46
crude death rate
the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
47
cultural carrying capacity
the optimal size that the environment can sustain in perpetuity with a given technology, standard of living, and associated patterns of resource use
48
demography
the statistical study of characteristics of human populations
49
dependency load
the number of dependents in a population
50
doubling time
the number of years it takes for a population to double assuming current growth rates remain the same
51
emigration
migration out of a country or region
52
environmental refugees
people forced to abandon their homes because the land can no longer support them
53
general fertility rate
the number of childbirths per 1000 women of childbearing age each year
54
infant mortality rate
the number of infants who die before age 1 per 1000 births per year
55
maternal mortality ratio
the number of womens deaths related to pregnancy or childbirth complications per 100,000 live births yearly
56
migration
movement from one geographic area to another for the purpose of establishing new residence
57
natural rate of increase
difference between the crude death rate and the crude birth rate expressed as a percentage
58
negative population growth
a situation in which deaths outnumber births
59
population density
the number of individuals per unit of space
60
population momentum
tendency of a population to continue to increase in absolute numbers despite declines in fertility rate due to a large base of childbearing women
61
population profile
a graphical representation of the age distribution of a population
62
replacement fertility
the fertility rate needed to ensure that the population is just "replaced" by its offspring
63
rule of 70
rule for finding the amount go time required for a population to double
64
total fertility rate
the average number of children a woman will bear during her life
65
vital statistics
population statistics such as births, deaths, and immigration
66
zero population growth
the growth rate at which births equal deaths
67
antinatalist policy
a policy designed to prevent increases in fertility or to lower existing fertility and birth rates
68
demographic fatigue
a condition brought on by sustained rapid population growth in which the government lacks the resources to effectively deal with natural disasters and disease outbreaks
69
demographic transition
the movement of a nation from high population growth to low growth as it moves through economic development stages
70
demographic trap
the inability of a country to pass the second phase of demographic transition
71
population policy
a government's planned course of action designed to influence and regulate its constituents choices or decisions on fertility or migration
72
pronatalist policy
a policy that encourages fertility and higher birth rate
73
agriculture
the intentional tending of a particular plant species for human use
74
amino acids
small units that combine in various ways to form larger protein molecules
75
aquaculture
the production of aquatic plants or animals in a controlled environment
76
biotechnology
the industrial use of living microorganisms, such as bacteria and other biological agents to perform chemical processing or to produce materials such as animal food
77
carryover stocks
the total amount of grain in storage when the new harvest begins. indicator of food security
78
cash crops
crops grown for export rather than domestic consumption
79
centers of diversity
where the government diversity for a particular species was the greatest
80
cryopreservation
a method of preserving living material by freezing and storing in liquid nitrogen at very low temperatures
81
domestication
an evolutionary process in which genes useful for survival in captivity prevail over genes necessary for survival in the wild
82
extreme poverty
subsiding on less than one dollar a day
83
famine
the widespread scarcity of food with subsequent suffering and starvation in the population
84
food security
the ability of a nation to feed itself on an ongoing basis
85
gene bank
storage facility to preserve genetic material through various freezing and drying methods
86
genetic modification
the human manipulation and transfer of genes from one organism to another to improve the productivity or survivability of economically important organisms
87
Green Revolution
a group of measures to improve agricultural productivity in less-developed countries
88
kwashiorkor
childhood disease resulting from protein insufficiency
89
land races
a variety of species adapted to specific local conditions
90
malabsorptive hunger
the body loses its ability to absorb nutrients from food consumed
91
marasmus
childhood disease from insufficient amounts of protein and calories
92
marker-assisted selection
using genetic information to speed up and improve conventional plant and animal breeding
93
moderate poverty
living on one to two dollars a day
94
monoculture
the extensive cultivation of one or two profitable crops
95
polyculture
the cultivation of a variety of crops suited to the particular climate and soil of the area
96
relative poverty
having a household income level below the given proportion for the national average
97
staples
principal edible plants essential to people's diets
98
starvation
the consumption of not enough calories to sustain life
99
wasting
acute malnutrition that causes a recent and substantial weight loss
