Characteristics Of Skills And Stages Of Learning

Question 1

What is a skill?

Answer 1

The ability to do something well

Question 2

What skills are focused on during sport?

Answer 2

Motor skills

Question 3

What is a motor skill?

Answer 3

A voluntary goal activity learnt through practice and experience. Requires movement of the body or limbs to achieve the goal.

Question 4

How are movement skills categorised?

Answer 4

• movement precision
• type of movement
• predictability of the environment

Question 5

How does classifying skills based on their characteristics assist in sport?

Answer 5

Helps coaches to assess performance, plan skill development, provide appropriate feedback

Question 6

What are the two types of movement precision?

Answer 6

• gross

- fine

Question 7

What is a gross motor skill?

Answer 7

Involves the recruitment of large muscle groups. There is less emphasis on precision

Question 8

What are examples of gross motor skills?

Answer 8

Running, swimming, jumping

Question 9

What is a fine motor skill?

Answer 9

Involve the recruitment of smaller muscle groups with more emphasis on precision.

Question 10

What are examples of fine motor skills?

Answer 10

Bouncing ball before tennis serve, the precise finger and hand movement when throwing a dart

Question 11

What are the different types of movement?

Answer 11

• discrete motor skills
• serial motor skills
• continuous motor skills

Question 12

What is a discrete motor skill?

Answer 12

Have an obvious beginning and end

Question 13

What are examples of a discrete motor skill?

Answer 13

Kicking a ball, netball pass

Question 14

What is a serial motor skill?

Answer 14

Several discrete skills are performed in a sequence

Question 15

What is an example of a serial motor skill?

Answer 15

A gymnastics floor routine o

Question 16

What is a continuous motor skill?

Answer 16

Has no definitive beginning or end point

Question 17

What are examples of a continuous motor skill?

Answer 17

Walking, running, swimming

Question 18

What is a closed motor skill?

Answer 18

The performer has the greatest control over the performance environment.

Question 19

What are examples of external factors that can influence the predictability of an environment?

Answer 19

• weather
• playing surface
• opposition

Question 20

What is an example of a closed motor skill?

Answer 20

Indoor individual diving routine

Question 21

What is an open motor skill?

Answer 21

Conditions are constantly changing and the performer has limited control over their environment.

Question 22

What is an ex map,e of an open motor skill?

Answer 22

White water kayaking

Question 23

What are fundamental movement skills?

Answer 23

Are the foundation skills that provide the basis for the development of sport specific movement skills.

Question 24

What are the fundamental movement skills classified as?

Answer 24

• stability (balanced and body control)
• locomotor skills (movement through space)
• manipulative skills ( control of object)

Question 25

What are examples of locomotive fundamental skills?

Answer 25

Jumping, walking, running

Question 26

What are examples of manipulative fundamental skills?

Answer 26

Throwing, catching, striking, kicking

Question 27

What can happen if people don’t develop fundamental movement skills at a young age?

Answer 27

Less likely to participate in structured sport in later life

Question 28

What are the three stages of the skill learning continuum?

Answer 28

- cognitive - associative - autonomous

Question 29

What happens in the cognitive stage?

Answer 29

The beginner is mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements of the motor skill

Question 30

Are people in the cognitive stage able to self correct errors?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

Is improvement rapid or gradual in the cognitive stage?

Answer 31

Rapid

Question 32

What is the autonomous stage of learning?

Answer 32

The skill is largely automatic, allowing the performer to focus on external factors

Question 33

Can people in the autonomous stage detect and correct errors?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

What is the associative stage?

Answer 34

The performer is beginning to refine their technique/ movement pattern. They are more consistent with fewer errors

Question 35

Are improvements during the associative stage rapid or gradual?

Answer 35

More gradual

Question 36

What type of practice, whole or part is more useful for beginners?

Answer 36

Part as it can be broken into segments

Question 37

What is task organisation?

Answer 37

Refers to how dependent each segment is on the previous

Question 38

What is practice distribution?

Answer 38

The scheduling of practice sessions

Question 39

What is distributed practice?

Answer 39

Involves shorter but more frequent training sessions

Question 40

What type of practice distribution is more frequently used by professional athletes?

Answer 40

Distributed practice

Question 41

What is massed practice?

Answer 41

Involves less frequent training sessions that last for longer periods of time

Question 42

Are rest intervals shorter or longer in massed practice compared to distributed?

Answer 42

Shorter

Question 43

Which type of practice distribution is adopted by most non professional sporting teams?

Answer 43

Massed practice

Question 44

What is more effective massed or distributed practice?

Answer 44

Distributed

Question 45

What is blocked practice?

Answer 45

Involves practicing the same skill continuously without changing to a different task

Question 46

Is blocked or random practice more suitable for beginners?

Answer 46

Blocked

Question 47

What is random practice?

Answer 47

The varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session.

Question 48

What stages of learning benefit most from random practice?

Answer 48

Associative and autonomous

Question 49

What is transfer of practice?

Answer 49

Practice that closely resembles the game will result in greater transfer of skills from training to game

Question 50

What are the two types of feedback?

Answer 50

Intrinsic (internal) or augmented (external)

Question 51

What is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 51

Performers use their own senses to assess performance

Question 52

What are different ways athletes can assess instrinsically?

Answer 52

Visual, auditory, proprioception or touch

Question 53

What is augmented feedback?

Answer 53

External feedback

Question 54

If feedback occurs during performance it is known as...

Answer 54

Concurrent

Question 55

If feedback is given after the performance it is known as...

Answer 55

Terminal

Question 56

What is knowledge of results?

Answer 56

Specific feedback about the outcome of the task

Question 57

What is knowledge of performance?

Answer 57

Related to the characteristics of performing a task as opposed to the outcome

Question 58

What are the three purposes of external feedback?

Answer 58

- fix errors - motivation through feedback shows progress - positive reinforcement

Question 59

What are the different types of constraints?

Answer 59

- individual - environmental - social/ cultural

Question 60

What are examples of individual constraints?

Answer 60

Body size, technical skills, body strength

Question 61

What are examples of environmental constraints?

Answer 61

Access to facilities, weather, access to coaches

Question 62

What are examples of social/ cultural constraints?

Answer 62

Peer group/ family expectations, cultural expectations

Question 63

What are examples of constraints that can be placed on a training session?

Answer 63

- size of field - number of players - rules of the sport