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Intro to Speech Science > Characteristics of Sound > Flashcards

Characteristics of Sound Flashcards

1
Q

acoustics of sound

A

physical attributes of sound

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2
Q

psychoacoustics of sound

A

what we perceive as sound, perceptual attributes

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3
Q

frequency (Hz)

A

number of cycles of vibration per second

higher frequency, higher pitch

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4
Q

period (t, sec)

A

how long air molecules vibrate-the time required for each vibration cycle to occur

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5
Q

amplitude/intensity

A

how big are pressure changes

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6
Q

wavelength

A

how far waves travel

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7
Q

pitch

A

how high/low on musical scale

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8
Q

loudness

A

volume

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9
Q

quality

A

tone of sound-noise vs tone

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10
Q

waveform

A

graph that shows time on horizontal axis and amplitude on vertical, used to show pressure changes over time

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11
Q

what is the human range of hearing?

A

20 Hz- 20,000 Hz, but we hear best at 1,000 Hz- 4,000 HZ

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12
Q

Subsonic

A

below human hearing range

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13
Q

supersonic

A

above human hearing range

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14
Q

describe the relationship between frequency and period

A

there is a reciprocal relationship between frequency and period

if t=.05 sec
then F= 20 Hz

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15
Q

periodic waves

A

every cycle lasts the same amount of time, can be assigned a pitch on a musical scale

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16
Q

aperiodic waves

A

cycles last different amounts of time, cannot be assigned a pitch

ex) fricatives and stops, white noise, noise, voiceless sounds

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17
Q

velocity of sound

A

how fast sound travels in a specific direction

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18
Q

what is the speed of sound in air?

A

34,000 cm/sec or 700 mph

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19
Q

velocity increases when the temperature is…

A

warmer

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20
Q

velocity increases in which materials…

A

water and dense materials

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21
Q

what is wavelength?

A

the distance covered by one complete cycle of pressure change (measured in meters/centimeters)

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22
Q

How are frequency, period, and wavelength related?

A

higher frequency> smaller period> shorter wavelength

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23
Q

what is an incident wave?

A

the wave generated when an object vibrates

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24
Q

depending on the boundary of the wave, it may be..

A

transmitted, absorbed, or reflected

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25
surfaces that cause reflection
hard, smooth, regular surfaces for example, an echo!
26
surfaces that cause absorption...
soft, irregular, porrous this will damp sound
27
interference
a way sound behaves when sounds combine with eachother
28
constructive interference
area of compression and rarefaction combine in a way that results in INCREASED amplitude
29
destructive interference
areas of compression and rarefaction that combine in a way that results in DECREASED amplitude
30
pure tones are also known as
sinusoids
31
what are pure tones?
sounds with a SINGLE frequency, the source and molecules vibrate in simple harmonic motion, sound perceived is musical but thin
32
complex sounds have how many frequencies?
2 or more
33
characteristics of complex sounds
can be periodic or aperiodic more common in nature only sounds humans can make
34
what happens when pure tones of different frequencies combine?
a complex sound is created 1 sound with 2 frequencies
35
complex period sounds consist of
a fundamental frequency and harmonics
36
what is fundamental frequency?
lowest frequency in the series/sound
37
harmonics
whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
38
what kind of quality does adding harmonics bring to a sound/
RICH, resonant quality
39
perceptual correspondent to fundamental frequency is
pitch
40
aperiodic complex sounds consist of..
multiple frequencies which are not systematically related RANDOM broad range of frequencies sounds like noise
41
transient aperiodic complex sounds
STOPS are brief in duration
42
continuous aperiodic complex sounds
able to be prolonged in duration "ssssss"
43
voiced sounds
sound made by VF vibration gives sound tonal quality periodic
44
voiceless sounds
open VFs, no vibration, no tone, just noise aperiodic
45
line spectrum shows..
frequency and amplitude acoustic energy at each harmonic frequency of the sound
46
continuous spectrum represents..
used to represent complex aperiodic sounds will NOT show whether sound is continuous or transient because time isn't on this graph
47
quality (acoustic reference)
refers to the relationship between the frequencies in a sound and their respective amplitudes
48
quality (perceptual)
refers to the tone of a sound
49
amplitude
amount of pressure generated
50
intensity
output of a source generated by amp. grows exponentially
51
dB scale
measures sounds accounting for amp and intensity in relation to loudness
52
what kind of scale is the dB?
logarithmic and ratio scale
53
what does the dB scale compare?
target sound to standard reference sound (SRS)
54
0 dB
means the target sound has same amplitude, intensity, and loudness as SRS
55
amp of 0 dB
20 micropascals
56
intensity of 0 dB
10 ^-12 watts/m^2
57
threshold of hearing
quietest sound that a pair or normal human ears can detect under ideal conditions, half of the time PSYCHOACOUSTICS
58
advantages of using the dB scale
condenses around 100 trillion linear intensity units into some 140 log units dB scale is more manageable than using absolute units of amp or intensity
59
dB level increases
linearly
60
amp/intensity increase
exponentially
61
dB SPL
sound pressure level, refers to amplitude
62
dB IL
intensity level
63
dB HL
hearing level (used on an audiogram)
64
threshold of hearing changes according to...
FREQUENCY
65
auditory area
encompasses limits of sounds we can hear
66
if freq. is outside of our auditory area it must have what in order to be detected?
greater levels of amp and intensity
67
what is the middle range freq. of hearing?
500-4000 HZ

Intro to Speech Science (6 decks)

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