Charles Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
CHARLES’ RELIGIOUS AIMS
What were Charles’ 6 religious aims?
A
- Continue the work of Ferdinand and Isabella
- Reform the catholic church
- Improve education of the clergy
- Improve religious education of the masses
- Ensure Lutheranism gains no support
- Make Catholicism the sole religion of Spain
2
Q
CHARLES’ RELIGIOUS AIMS
Describe four threats to the church
A
- Erasmists: promoted ideas of a reformed chuch
- Lutheranism: early protestants
- Illuminists: similar to moriscos
- Moriscos
3
Q
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
What did Cisneros found in 1508
A
The University of Alcala, which helped improve the education of the clergy
4
Q
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
When and how was the polyglot bible published?
A
1522, by way of the printing press
5
Q
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
What did the improvement in education of bishops mean?
A
Many of them were able to take on important roles in the Councils of the Church, particularly in the council of Trent
6
Q
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
What were the limitations of Cisneros’ work?
A
Ordinary clergy still did not have the education or training to their lives or to their ability in order to teach Christianity
7
Q
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
Was the work under military orders more successful?
A
Yes, it was missionaries from the Dominicans in particular who carried out missionary work in the New World
8
Q
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
What was Charles’ determined of?
A
To stop the spread of protestantism in Spain
9
Q
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
What did the illuminists believe and how were they dealt with?
A
The illuminists believed that they could put themselves in direct, personal communication with God through mediation and prayer. This group was dealt with by the Inquisition
10
Q
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
Describe Erasmianism in Spain
A
Promoted the idea of a reformed church which incorporated learning, private prayer and mediation. At first this was supported in Spain but by the 1520s steps had been taken to eradicate anything that wasn’t catholic.
11
Q
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
Was Erasmisism followed by the inquisition?
A
Yes
12
Q
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
How many cases of Lutheranism were there in Spain?
A
Only 107 - a success for Charles
13
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What happened to all the Mudejars in Castile by 1502?
A
They had to either convert or leave
14
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What happened to Mudejars during the Germania revolt?
A
Many were forcibly converted
15
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What happened in 1525?
A
Those still not converted were told to convert or leave
16
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
Were there any measures taken to ensure converts were genuine?
A
No
17
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What was Charles’ informed to a visit in Granada during 1526
A
“The Moriscos are truly Moors; not 7 of them would truly be Christian”
18
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What attempts were made to completely remove all existing traces of Moorish civilisation in Granada?
A
- Charles suspended Moorish dress, language, and dance rituals
- Attempts made to create better education for converts
19
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
Why did Charles revise some policies?
A
He needed a loan from Granada
20
Q
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
Were the policies successful?
A
Not particularly
21
Q
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe costs of the royal household
A
- Upkeeping costs
- Expensive ceremonial courts
- Burgundian styled
- Order of the golden fleece introduced with all of te pageantry associated with it
22
Q
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
What percentage of the crowns income was spent on the upkeep of the royal household?
A
10%
23
Q
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY Describe the dominance of the Hidalgo class in Cortes
A
- A result of the Communeros revolt
- Had a detrimental effect on Spanish industries
- Caused longer term economic problems
24
Q
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe the crown’s financial state when Charles’ became king
A
- Had to spend much money of his imperial election of HRE
- Domination of the mesta
- Greed of Burgundian followers
25
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
| Describe the impact of the Empire
- Costly to upkeep and run
- Wars in the Empire
- Travelling between the Empire
26
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
| Describe the impact of inflation
- Price of wheat and oil doubled by 1559
- Salaries couldn't match the rise in prices
- Some land rent rose by 86%
- Spanish economy a good market to sell to and a bad one to buy from
27
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
| Describe the impacts of war
- Expensive
| - Burden fell on Castile
28
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| Where was finance expected to come from?
All areas of Charles' empire
29
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| Where did imperial expenses normally come from?
Castile
30
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| What did different parts of the empire object to?
Paying money for a part of the empire that wasn't their own
31
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| Describe income from Castile
- Contributed the most to Charles' financial income
- Little resistance from the Cortes to higher taxation
- Most significant tax was the alcabala
- Increased tax burden on lower middle classes
32
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| Describe borrowing
- Charles' failure to increase tax on nobility meant he had to undergo more borrowing
- Mainly through the sale of juros
33
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| Describe income from Aragon
- Aragonese constitutions meant little could be raised in taxes
- Aragon was not financially strong enough to offer Charles' much economic help
34
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| Describe income from the church
- Pope allowed Charles to receive some of the Church's income
- 372000 ducats were raised this was in 1532, and 500000 by 1551
- Cruzada tax: raised an average of 121000 ducats a year
35
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| What percentage of Charles' income came from the church
25%
36
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| Describe income from the New World
- Silver mines founded in 1540
- 324000 made in 1550
- Input from America made a vital contribution to Charles' economy
37
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| In 1522 what did Charles result to?
Other measures of raising money
38
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
| What were Charles' alternative money raising measures?
- Sales of public offices
| - Sales of nobility titles meaning there were even less tax payers
39
ECONOMY FIGURES
| What was the revenue on repaying loans in 1543?
65%
40
ECONOMY FIGURES
| What happened to Venezuela?
Sold to a family in order to pay off loans
41
ECONOMY FIGURES
| How much did it cost to repay Charles' loans?
10,000,000 ducats
42
ECONOMY FIGURES
| What did Charles sell to the Fuggers in 1525?
The military orders
43
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| When was the communeros revolt and what did it expose?
1520 to 21, exposed just how vulnerable Charles' regime was
44
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| Describe three reasons for the communeros revolt
- The bad economy
- Charles was a foreigner
- Unhappy with corruption
45
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| Who refused to send representatives to the cortes of santiago in 1520?
Toledo and Salamanca
46
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| What were expelled from Castilian towns?
Corregidores and other types of royal officials
47
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| Where was royal authority lost?
Sergovia
48
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| State the Kilsby quote
Gentry and townsmen opposed against a regime which they regarded as inimical to their interests, and which threatened to sacrifice castile to an imperial or dynastic policy
49
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| What else did the townspeople resent?
The appointment of non-native officials, such as Adrien of Untrecht
50
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| Where were many pps of the revolt from?
Middling ranks and lower nobility, they felt Charles was neglecting them
51
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| When did the revolt gain greater momentum?
After a governmental failure led to a destructive fire in Medina Del Campo
52
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| By August 1520, 13 towns had became official members of what?
The 'Santa Juanta de Comunidad'
53
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| What did the Santa Juanta de Comunidad try and do?
Make Juana their figurehead, the rebels were no longer soliciting reform, but trying to impose more rigorous restrictions on the King
54
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| Give three reasons the revolt failed?
- Disunity, grandees opposed revolt, lower nobility didn't
- Caused peasant unrest
- No support from Aragon
55
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| Where was the main rebel army defeated?
At the battle of Villarar, marked the official end to the revolt
56
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
| When did nobles become happier?
After Charles' agreed to marry a Spanish princess in 1512
57
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
| What did the Germania revolt happen simultaneously to?
The Communeros revolt
58
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
| What happened in August 1519?
Armed mobs attacked the Inquisition in the city of Valenica for being too lenient.
59
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
| Why were grievances also social?
People angry the nobles were protecting the moors
60
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
| What did the Germania revolt plan to do?
Remodel Valencia's constitution; they sent a deputation in Charles to confirm their rights
61
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
| What were Germania's driven by?
Class conflicts, which led to widespread revolt against the nobles
62
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
| In addition to targeting the Moors, what did the revolt do?
Overwhelm the governor of Valencia's army at Gandia in 1512?
63
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
| Why was the revolt eventually quashed?
It represented too many interest groups and couldn't find common cause with the Communeros revolt.
64
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
| What did the communeros revolt do?
Paralyse much of Castile for 12 months. Charles undertook a royal progress accompanied by 4000 soldiers through rebel towns
65
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
| What happened to 22 agitators?
They were tried and arrested
66
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
| Was royal authority reastablished?
Yes, corregidores returned to their positions
67
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
| What was the failure of the revolt for towns?
A serious blow to their political autonomy
68
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
| Was this a personal victory for Charles?
Yes; got collaboration from nobles but did not satisfy their power grabs
69
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
| What was decreed in 1525?
Muslims banned from practicing Islam in Spain
70
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
| Give four overall consequences
- Charles experienced no more serious revolts
- Learnt Castilian
- Appointed natives to government positions
- Learned the importance of accepting and protecting regional liberites
71
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What represented, in theory, all of Charles' empire?
The Council of State, set up by Gattinara in 1526
72
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What was Charles preferred way of drawing up policy?
Working through Granvelle and Cobos
73
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What did the revolts act as a stark warning of?
Monarchs could endanger their own positions if they threatened the autonomy of different states
74
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What did Charles do to not infringe upon autonomy?
Allocate an official capital
75
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What did the imperial court do?
Follow Charles
76
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| Where did administrators tend to work?
In Valladolid
77
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What did each separate part of Charles' empire have?
Separate judicial, political and fiscal systems
78
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What did Charles rule the empire as?
In keeping with his family, as head of a dynastic organisation
79
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| What did each individual kingdom expect?
Charles to remain there for a prolonged period of time, impossible, had to appoint family members as regents
80
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
| Name the two regents in Castile and their dates
Isabella: 1529 - 1539
Philip: 1543 onwards
81
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
| What did Charles insist on?
A Burgundian style court, costing approximately 200,000 ducats per anumn
82
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
| What was the official language of the court?
Castilian, which Charles quickly learnt
83
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
| What did Castilian nobles welcome?
The marriage of Charles and Isabella of Portugal
84
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
| Who did Charles appoint to important roles in the Empire?
Spaniards, making them more sympathetic to the time he had to spend away
85
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
| What did Charles extend?
The conciliar system he had inherited from Ferdinand and Isabella
86
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
| Describe the four new councils Charles made
- Council of War: 1522
- Council of finance: 1523
- Council of Indies: 1524
- Council of Italy: 1555
87
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
| Did Charles still appoint letrados rather than nobility?
Yes
88
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What did Charles establish after 1522?
Good working relationships with the cortes and he began to call them regularly thereafter
89
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What became increasingly influential as Charles' reign progressed?
His secrataries
90
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What did royal secretaries represent?
The primary medium between King and Council
91
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What did the secretaries do?
Dominated the agenda for council meetings and drafted the royal documents
92
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Who were the most preeminent buerocrats?
Cobos and Granvelle
93
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Why did nobles never pose too much of a threat to Charles?
The outcomes of the revolts, and often feuded between themselves so unable to all join forces
94
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What was the aristocracy expected to do?
Perform military service, hold the public office and serve the state of law in finance and trade
95
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What did the nobility continue to do?
Dominate towns, particularly the hidalgos
96
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What were noble careers guided by?
The lucrative opportunities of a world wide monarch
97
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
| What caused anger amongst grandees?
Most official roles being taken by lawyers or merchants
98
DOMESTIC POLICIES
| Over his reign how much time did Charles spend in Castile and Aragon?
6 years in Aragon, 11 in Castile
99
INFLATION
| How much did prices rise by in this period?
400%
100
INFLATION
| Give the three contemporary explanations for inflation
- Wickedness
- Laziness
- Spanish imports of gold and silver from the New World
101
INFLATION
| What was Hamilton's explanation for inflation?
The bullion coming from the New World increased the rise in goods, compared amount of imports to inflation figures
102
INFLATION
| Give criticisms of Hamilton's theory
- The trend is not always accurate
- Silver registered at Seville may not be the correct quantity
- Regional variety
- Not the same price increase across all products
103
INFLATION
| Which historian investigated the law of supply and demand and what is this theory?
John Lynch, more money increased prices
104
INFLATION
| Describe population increase in Spain
- Steadily rising since 15th century
- Greatest growth between 1530 and 1570
- Causes a rise in prices
105
INFLATION
| Give the main sufferers of inflation
Those on fixed incomes and the poor, lower clergy, towndwellers, unskilled labourers. Number of those in poverty increased.
106
INFLATION
| Describe impacts on the crown
Suffered, however repaying loans was cheaper and could implement taxes
107
INFLATION
| Describe impacts on nobility
Not significant, able to increase rent
108
INFLATION
| Did entrepreneurs survive?
Yes, the strong ones did
109
INFLATION
| Describe impact of inflation on agriculture
Production rised steadily, but not significantly
110
INFLATION
| Describe food shortages
Made worse by inflation
111
INFLATION
| Describe impacts on the sheep trade
Lost some power, but land remained at fixed rates
