Charles - Chapter 3 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
How old was Charles when he became King?
A
- Charles was 24 years old.
2
Q
Why was Charles not ‘supposed’ to become Monarch?
A
- Charles was the second son of James, his first son, Henry, was heir to the throne until his death in November 1612.
- Following his death Charles became the new heir to the throne, something which he was unused to.
3
Q
What approach did Buckingham take toward Charles following his sucession to the throne?
A
- Buckingham was originally disliked by Charles due to the close relationship which he had with his Father.
- However, Charles was a very lonley person, and was susceptible to overtures of friendship from Buckingham.
- Buckingham wanted to develop a friendship with Charles to remain relevant after the inevitable death of James.
4
Q
What area of foreign policy did Buckingham have considerable influance over?
A
- The direction of the War with Spain.
- He was responsible for several mishaps during the war, which were both embarrasing and financially costly.
5
Q
How did Charles respond to the poor Military Leadership of Buckingham?
A
- He refused to accept the fact that Buckingham was incompetent.
6
Q
- How many subsidies did Parliament grant James in 1624?
A
- Three Subsidies
- The purpose of which was to secure Ireland, Support the Dutch and to rebuild and improve the Navy.
7
Q
How did James’ military strategy effect Charles relationship with Parliament?
A
- Parliament wanted a war with Spain in 1624, James wanted to avoid this, and intended to regain the Palatinate while avoiding full scale war.
- This caused much of the money allocated in 1624 to be wasted, or spent against the will of Parliament.
- This made it much harder for Charles to get funding for the military, it also made parliament more restrictive.
8
Q
How did Charles’ marriage to Henrietta Maria cause conflict?
A
- When the Spanish Match collapse, many people in Parliament were happy, and celebrated the event.
- So when Charles instead married a French Catholic, this was not much more popular than the Spanish Match.
9
Q
Who was Cardianl Richelieu?
A
- Louis XIII’s Chief Minister from 1624.
- He was determined to reduce the power of Spain.
- He wanted to restore the power of the French Monarch.
10
Q
What was Cardinal Richelieu’s stance on the war with Spain?
A
- He was opposed to any direct intervention.
- He wanted Spain to remain locked in war.
- He wanted to use this oppotunity to grow French interests elsewhere.
11
Q
What Religious reform in England was Cardinal Richelieu pushing for?
A
- Reduction of the Penal Laws.
- Allowing Charles’ wife to attend Catholic services.
12
Q
List the overall reasons as to why Charles had a difficult relationship with Parliament: (Up to 1629)
A
- Charles’ personality and his personal views on Divine Right and the role of the Monarch.
- Foreign Policy Problems - War with Spain.
- Financial Pressures.
- Support of Buckingham.
- Religious Issues.
13
Q
When was the first Parliament?
A
- June - August 1625.
14
Q
What were the problematic contexts surrounding the 1625 Parliament?
A
- An outbreak of the Plague in London meant many MP’s were unwilling to expose themselves to the disease.
- Henrietta Maria had just arrived from France, this brought Religious issues up from the various radical MP’s who remained, despite the Plague.
15
Q
How was Foreign Policy an issue in the 1625 Parliament?
A
- Charles and Buckingham were unwilling to explain much of their plans to Parliament, as Charles did not see any reason why he should have to.
- Eventually, they made it clear than a Naval Expedition to Cadiz was needed.
- Charles also hoped to subsidise a Danish invasion of Germany, but how much this would cost was not clear. Parliament wanted more details.
16
Q
How was an Fianance an issue in the 1625 Parliament?
A
- MP’s became unhappy when he insisted granting subsidies should take precedence over any other issues, which must be kept until a later session.
- They reluctantly granted £140,000 worth of Subsidies and Tonnage and Poundage for a single year. (Most Monarchs had been granted this for life.)
17
Q
How was Buckingham a problem in the 1625 parliament?
A
- Buckingham lacked the support of much of the Privy Council. (They believed Buckingham had a monopoly of infualnce over Charles.)
- Questions had begun to be asked about the Military Experience (or lack thereof) of Buckingham, and how he was in the posistion of Lord Admiral of the Navy without any previous military experience.
18
Q
How was Religion an issue in the 1625 Parliament?
A
- MP’s were concerned about the relaxed enforcment of the Penal Laws.
- Charles was not willing to listen, so Parliament threatend to withhold financial support until he granted their demands.
- Paliament began to attack Richard Montagu, who was an Arminian, who Charles defended.
19
Q
When did Charles disolve the 1625 Parliament?
A
- 12th August 1625.
20
Q
When was the Second Parliament?
A
- Febuary - June 1626.
21
Q
What were the cirumastances surroudning the 1626 Parliament?
A
- The Military Expedition to Cadiz was a complete disaster, and deficiencies in Leadership were soon revealed to be the main cause.
- Charles became suspicious of the intentions of Parliament, when they continued to persue Buckingham.
22
Q
How was Foreign Policy an issue in the 1626 Parliament?
A
- The invasion of Cadiz was being ran from a poorly provisioned and supplied fleet.
- The army had poor qaulity clothing, and lacked food / water, so they ended up drinking wine and becoming drunk on the streets of Cadiz during the invasion.
- Many MP’s (Such as Elliot), balmed the failure of Charles and Buckingham for the death of the soldiers and the failure of the expedition.
23
Q
How was Finance an issue in the 1626 Parliament?
A
- Finance was a less important issue during the 1626 Parliament compared to the 1625 Parliament, due to the infulx of other issues which took precedence.
- MP’s were determined not to grant subsidies until their greviances were addresses properly by Charles.
24
Q
How did Charles attempt to remove Parliamentary opposistion during the 1626 Parliament?
A
- Charles appointed former MP’s to the position of Sherrif so that they could not stand for election.
- All this achieved was the removal of several moderates from Parliament, which caused radicals to rise in rank.
25
How was **Buckingham** an issue in the **1626** Parliament?
* Both houses were comitted to take action against Buckingham.
* Eliot wanted to impeach Buckingham for High Treason and for Posioning James.
* The House of Lords were opposed to Buckingham due to the fact Charles had imprisoned a member for speaking out against Buckingham.
26
How was **Religion** an issue in the **1626**?
* The Religious situation had begun to ease due to increased enforcment of the Penal Laws, and due to the fact Charles had sent his Wife's Servants back to France.
* However William Laud had begun to rise in power, he preached a Sermon at the opening of Parliament, and had begun to increase his power.
27
How did Charles **initially** attempt to **raise money** without the consent of Parliament following the **1626** Parliament?
* He initially asked JP's to give him a 'free gift' of funding, however the vast majoirty refused unless Parliament's consent had been given.
* The City of London, only offered Charles a small amount of money (£20,000), compared to previous loans.
28
Following an initial failure to gain funds, What did Charles decide on to get money?
* Charles implemented a **Forced Loan**.
* He was in grave need of funding to rebuild the navy as war against France was looking increasingly likely.
* This raised **£240,000** but was deeply unpoplar among the public.
29
What happened to those who resisted Paying the forced Loan?
* Those who refused to pay risked either being conscripted to join the Navy, or were imprisoned.
* Several radical MP's were imprisoned in the Tower as a result, including John Eliot and other radicals.
* They used the precedent of 'Habeas Corpus' to be brought to trial without indefinite imprisonment.
* At trial, the Judges faced a difficult decision, but ruled Charles could detain indefinetly through his **Perogative** as it was a **'Matter of State'**.
30
What happened between **1626-1628** in regard to to **Buckingham**?
* **Buckingham** was responsible for yet another Military catastrophe.
* **Buckigham's** Navy failed to invade the French port of **LaRochelle** as scaling ladders were too short - due to poor planning on the part of **Buckingham** the invasion was another disaster.
* This reconfirmed what Parliament had previosuly been saying about the need to impeach and remove Buckingham.
31
When was the **Third** session of **Parliament**?
* March-June 1628.
* January-March 1929.
32
At the begining of the **third Parliament** what did Charles do to pave the way for a better outcome than the previous two Parliaments?
* He released those whom he had imprisoned.
* He allowed his Secretary of State, Sir John Coke, to communicate with MP's, rather than Charles communicating Directly. This avoided needless irritation.
33
What issues did MP's raise during the **third** parliament?
* **Perogative** - MP's were concerned about it's use for unlawful taxation and imprisonment.
* **Billeting** - He had billetted troops into households in the south-west and had not paid what was due.
* **Martial Law** - Was imposed on areas (South-West) where the troops were stationed.
* **Foreign Policy** - Failure to invade LaRochelle lead by Buckingham.
34
What was the **Petition of Right**?
* The **Petition of Right** was a less radical solution to the 'Bill of Rights' proposed by John Eliot and other Radicals.
* This was to define the powers of the King, and to prevent Charles from interpreting his perogative as he deemed fit.
* Charles agreed to the petition in order to recieve the funding for a second expedition to LaRochelle. He intended to avoid the petition using technicalities later on.
35
What action did Elitot take regarding **Religion** between 1628-1629?
* Once the unhealthy summer had arrived, most of the moderate MP's had left London. This gave the radicals an ideal moment to push for Religous reform, in the absence of the moderates.
* Eliot drew up a remonstrance protesting about the growth of Arminianism.
* He went on to impeach Richard Manwaring, for a sermon on the issue of the Divine Right which he had preached in **1627**.
36
How did the **Third** session of Parliament end?
* It came to an end on a sour note due to disputed between MP's and Charles over the legality of his collection of **Custom Duties**.
37
What issue(s) from the 1628 parliament hindered progress in the beginning of the 1629 parliament?
The refusal on both side to not give in to outstanding matters in the Petition of Right
38
What two main reasons from the petition were most prevalent in the 1629 sitting of parliament?
- Customs duties
- The religious question and the rise of Arminianism
39
Why were Customs duties an issue in the 1629 parliament?
Charles had argued that the petition of rights didn’t outright ban the levying of Customs duties specifically so he continued collecting them and even imprisoning and impounded the goods of merchants who refused to pay
40
Why did the religious question and the rise of Arminianism cause an issue in the 1629 parliament?
A series of deaths among bishops had lead to Charles being able to fill those positions with 8 new bishops of his choice. This included Laud as bishop of London and Montagu as Chichester. This was provocative on the part of Charles as they were unpopular with many MPs
41
Who led the radical MPs in the 1629 parliament?
John Eliot, MP for Cornwall
42
Which moderate MPs did the radicals defy the efforts of to calm the situation?
- Nathaniel Rich in the commons
- Saye and Sele and Warwick in the Lords
43
Why did Charles adjourn the 1629 parliament?
He was unwilling to compromise on the two main issues and anticipated that they would not grant him tonnage or poundage for life
44
What was the reaction of the radical MPs to the adjournment of the 1629 parliament?
While Black Rod hammered on the door to the Commons for prorogation to the lords, Eliot, Denzil Holles and Benjamin Valentine held down the speaker while they ‘passed’ 3 resolutions
45
What were the 3 resolutions forcibly passed in the 1629 parliament?
- Those advertising popish or Arminian innovations in religion were ‘capital enemies to this kingdom’
- Those who participated in the collection of Customs duties were ‘innovators in the government’ and ‘capital enemies to this kingdom’
- Those who paid Customs duties were ‘betrayers of the liberty of England and enemies to the same’
46
What was Charles' revenge on the agitators of the events of the 1629 parliament?
Arrested 9 MPs and weren't allowed to claim parliamentary priviledges for their 'political subversion'
47
Which MPs were sent to the Tower of London after their arrest?
Holles, Eliot and Valentine accsued for raising sedition between King and People
48
Which MP died in the Tower of London in 1629?
John Eliot
49
When was Valentine released from the Tower?
1640
50
Which former crown critics came back to work under it?
- Wentworth
- Sir Robert Phelips (became prominent in local affairs in Somerset)
51
What issues had parliamentary divisiveness led Charles to begin the Personal Rule?
- Foreign policy
- Collection of Sufficient Revenue
- Ordering the Church
52
What were his original aims of the personal rule?
- Peace
- Financial probity
- A united council
- Maintainance of the Church/state link
- Appointment of men who could carry out his aims faithfully
53
What was the financial issue Charles had at the start of the Personal Rule?
He had a debt of £2 million in 1629, which had doubled since he inherited the crown
54
What two treaties did Charles sign for peace?
- Treaty of Susa, 1629 - for peace with France
- Treaty of Madrid, 1630 - for peace with Spain
55
What were the cons of the peace treaties?
It meant that he had no part in the 30 years war and appeared to be deserting the Protestant Cause for Puritans
56
What did the royal income from customs duties grow to after the new book of rates(1635) in 1639?
£425,000 in 1639
57
What was a disadvantage of the New Book of Rates and continued collection of customs duties?
He was still yet to get any parliamentary sanction
58
What did the increased effort on collection of recusancy fined do to Charles income from them?
It quadrupled it to £26,866
59
What was the distraint of Knighthood?
Anyone who was holding land worth more that £40 per annum and was yet to be knighted in coronation were fined
60
How did the Distraint of Knighthood impact the crown finances?
By 1635, £170,000 had been made
61
What was the disadvantage to profitting from the Distraint of Knighthood?
It was an old law and had not been enforced for a long time
62
What loophole did Charles exploit to 'legally' sell monopolies?
The 1624 Act only stopped them from being sold to individuals but not to corporations
63
What are two examples of monopolies?
- Popish soap - soap was supposed to wash whiter than other soaps and was even taken to trial over the statement. It was later removed after many complaints were made about its quality
- One company had a monopoly to drain the Fens, also unpopular for the residents of the area
64
What were the disadvantages of monopolies?
- Caused higher prices
- Seen as getting around the law
- Enriched courtiers
65
What impact did the profit making of Wardships make on royal finances?
Increased the profits from wardships by a third to £30,000 per annum
66
What were the disadvantages of wardships?
They exploited the estates of children
67
How did the use of royal forest lands using old maps etc help royal finances?
He fined those who had built in those forest lands
68
What was the disadvantage of royal forests taxation?
It made little money and annoyed the wealthier classes like the Earl of Salisbury whi had to pay £20,000 (near to half of all that was rasied)
69
What other small old laws did Charles abuse?
- Fines for building outside of London borders
- Fines for illegal enclosures
70
What disadvantage did the fining of those living outside london have?
It seemed unfair and a tax on population growth
71
How did Charles increase revenue from crown land tenants?
- Increased rents
- Fined those whose claims to land was poorly documented
72
What was the disadvantage of increasing revenue from crown lands?
It annoyed landowners who were major crown supporters, traditionally
73
How much did the levying of the emergency ship tax raise for the crown each year between 1635 and 1638?
£200,000 per annum (roughly 3 subsidies)
74
What was the disagvantage of the levying of the ship tax?
It was very unpopular due to the fact it was extended beyond the coastal counties it was intended for as it was unwarrented (no real emergency for coastal defences and ships) and there was no precedent for a permanent
75
Who replaced Weston as treasurer in 1635?
William Juxton, Bishop of London
76
Give some examples of Charles' extravagance/extra expendature (less that James')
- Patron of the Arts and often had portraits from Anthony van Dyck and Peter Paul Rubens. He once spent £18,000 on the art collection of Gonzaga Dukes of Mantua in 1627
- Had a larger court who he spend large sums on
- His 5 children and wife were the largest royal family since the tudors and were expensive to maintain
- Also subsidising his sister, Elizabeth, and her son Charles Lewis who was the claimant to the Palatinate
77
How did Weston and Juxton economise with the Crown revenue?
- Cut down on pensions in the court
- Used commitees to cut down on crown household expendature
- Regualr audits to detect fraud
- Stopped selling crown lands (for long term gain)
- Appointed commitee for Defective Titles to drag up old laws to be enforced
78
What did the royal debt reduce to by the mid 1630s?
£1 million
79
How much did the gold leaf decorated flagship, the Soverign of the Seas, cost?
£65,000
80
What was the intrinsic problem with religion during the personal rule?
It could be said to be William Laud but one man could change the religious outlook of a country
81
What were Lauds religious ideas?
Arminian ideas which were primarily anti-Calvanist
82
What were Lauds 5 aims?
1. To impose uniformity of practice on the Church
2. To make churches more fit places of worship
3. To eradicate Puritanism
4. To increase Church influences in government
5. To restore the wealth of the clergy
83
How did Laud try to achieve uniformity of practice in the Church?
- All services had to follow the prayer book
- The 39 articles and Canons were all fully observed
- Alters were placed at the East end of the church and were railed off from the public
- clergymen who refused to comply risked punishment and to lose their jobs
- bishops should live in their dioceses and priests in their parishes
- fewer priests should be appointed by the gentry
84
How did Laud try to make churches more fit for worship?
- Churches were to display the 'beauty of holiness' with candles and altar cloths and stained glass
- More music in services
- Churches like St Pauls Cathedral should be repaired with contributions from Londoners
85
How did Laud try to eradicate Puritanism?
- Puritan books and leaflets were censored
- Preaching or predestination was banned
- The Court of the Exchequer dissolver the Feoffees for Impropriations to stop Puritans being appointed as ministers in parishes
- High Court of Commisions and Star Chamber used to punish puritan individuals like Alexander Leighton, William Prynne, John Bastwich and Henry Burton and John Lilburne.
- Puritan preachers could no longer be financed by town councils or individuals
- Clergy should be better educated and the universities be better prepared and resourced to do this
86
How did Laud try to increase the influence of the Church in the government?
- He encouraged Charles to make the Bishop of London Lord Treasurer when Weston died
- He used the court of high commissions to discipline people for moral misdemeanours such as adultery
- The Book of Sports, reissued in 1633, was to be read in all chruches to make sure it was observed
87
How did Laud try to restore the wealth of the Clergy?
- Recover church endowments taken over by the laity
- Encourage appointment of graduates once higher salaries could be paid
88
Why were the gentry displeased by the reforms of Laud?
- Most bishops were from humble backgrounds and Laud himself was a clothier's son and this was unpopular with the gentry as they didn't like taking orders from those of a lower class
- They also disliked being dragged to Church courts for cases of 'adultry, whoredom, incest, drunkenness, swearing, ribaldry and usury'
- The installation of the alters at the east of the church also removed the family pews owned by the genrty to show their status
- The use of punishment like the pillory or mutilation was supposed to be reserved for lower classes and thus was disliked when used for humiliation of gentrymen
89
How many left for Massachusetts in 1630 and over the decade to escape the persecutions?
2000 in 1630 and a total of 16,000 over the decade
90
Why did people suspect the re-conversion of England?
- The Laudian reforms took the country too close to Roman Catholicism
- The idea of the holy spaces for the alter in Church caused suspicions and the idea that no one could miss local church mass
- This was linked to the idea of Henrietta Maria being Catholic too
- Ideas reaffirmed by the appointment of an English diplomat to the Vatican and George Con as the representative of the Pope in England
91
Which members of the Privy council were suspected/converted catholics?
_Converted_
- Richard Weston, Lord Portland
- Francis, Lord Cottington
_Suspected_
-Sir Francis Windebank
92
What other reforms were introduced under the Personal Rule?
- Use of the Book of orders by JPs on how to relieve poverty and put the idle poor to work while punishing the erring poor and making children get apprenticeships and roads kept repaired
- Grain hoarders were punished and all reports went to sheriffs and to the Privy Council
- Militia reforms enacted too - muster master appointed to each county to drill, train and maintain the militias. They were outsiders who were disliked and fears grew of Charles creating an army
- Militia duties given to local landowners and he insisted that they not loiter in the capital and to instead to stay on their estates. 248 gentry were brought infrom of the Star chamber for defying these orders
93
What was the policy of Thorough?
William Wenworth's policy to enact the reforms of Laud all over the counrty especially in regions far from the capital
94
When was Wentworth appointed the Lord Deputy of Ireland?
1633
95
What were the four groups in Ireland?
- The Native Irish (mostly Catholic)
- The Scots (mostly Presbyterian and lived in the North)
- The Old English(who were descended from earlier English settlers and were mainly Catholic)
- The New English (protestant descendants from later settles)
96
How did Wenworth enforce the authority of the state in Ireland?
- By extending the settlement of the Protestants in the North, at the expense of the native Irish and Old English
- When landowners couldn't prove their rights to lands then Wentworth took them in the name of the Crown
- Two leading nobles of the New English were attacked - Richard Boyle was fined £15,000 by the Star Chamber and Lord Mountnorris was charged with treason with showed the balanced hand of the rule but also alienated one of the crowns largest supporting groups
- Wentworths authority was so great that the Irish council in Dublin was completely overawed by his authority
97
How did Wentworth enforce the authority of the Church in Ireland?
- Insisted on Laudian reforms
- Wenworth's chaplain was made the Bishop of Londonerry to oversee the changes
- Court of High Commissions set up to enforce movement of alters and repairs of churches
Also investigated the loss of Church land to landowners and they had to return the land deemed to have been gained illegally (hit particularly hard for the New English who got land after the reformation
-The New English also disliked the resemblence between Laudinism and Catholicism and felt even more under threat in the catholic dominated country
98
How did Wentworth ensure the raising of revenue was a success in Ireland?
- Began the issuing of a new book of rates and double income from customs
- Then fined city of London for failing to develop land it was given from Londonderry
- In 1634, he summoned the Irish parliament and promised two sessions to adress grievances in the second after being granted 6 subsidies in the first. He however never addressed any grievances in the second sitting
- Annoyed the native Irish and Old English who hoped he would renew 'The Graces' which meant recusancy fines were not levied and that catholics could take public office without swearing the Oath of Supremacy
- Despite this, he was granted 4 more subsidies in the 1640 parliament and some surplus revenue was used to forma catholic dominated Irish army
99
How had Charles caused discontent in Scotland since the start of his reign?
- Issued act of Revocation to take back Land for the church in scotland. It was so unpopular it had to be overseen by the commitee of Surrenders in 1927 which consisted of the Nobles the land was to be take from which was highly unpopular
- The Scottish Privy council was made up of 9 non-resident members including the unpopular William Laud and the Scottish members were concerned with their interests in England isolating the Scots
- In 1626 he issued a proclaimation to adhere to the Articles of Perth which upheld the power of the Bishops which upset both the Scottish Kirk and Nobles
100
When was Charles' visit to Scotland which made matters worse?
1633
101
How did Charles' visit to Scotland make things worse?
- It was the first time in 8 years since his very English coronation in Holyrood, which was supervised by Laud which was followed by his setting up of a new bishopric in Edinburgh
- In 1634, the Scottish Lauds made a petition to protest against religious innovations which was outright rejected followed by the sentencing to death of Lord Balmerio after trying to revive it
102
What did Charles do once he was back in London in 1636?
- He imposed new canons which ordered the movement of the alter to the east of the church, no improvised prayer, ministers to wear surplice, communion to be taken kneeling, hats to be removed in chruch, oral confession to be sanctioned and bishops to license all schoolmasters
- He did this without consulting the Scottish pricy council, Scottish assembly or the General assembly of Kirk
103
What was the nickname of the new prayer book Charles told the new bishops in Scotland to write up?
Laud's prayer book
104
What was the reaction like to the implementation of the New Prayer Book?
The opposition had likely been concerted beforehand and Jenny Geddes famously threw her stool at Dean Hannay in St Giles Cathedral in July 1637 which was followed by others throwing sticks and stones
-The bishop of Brechin threatened his revolting parish members with a loaded pistol
105
What was Charles' reaction to the opposition to the New Prayer Book?
- He saw it as 'a very slack council or very bad subjects' and was insistent on restoring order
- It, however, was not possible to restore order without an army and to raise an army he would need the support of a parliament so Scottish events impacted his Personal Rule greatly
106
What is considered as the most directly important factor for the end of the Personal Rule?
The rebellious reaction to the New Prayer Book but it can also be argued that the it would have crumbled at some other point, if not in the late 1630s
107
Give an example of a company set up to secretly air grievences against the King
The Providence Island Company
108
Name some important members of the Providence Island Company
- William Fiennes, Lord Saye and Sele
- Earl of Warwich
- John Pym
- Sir Arthur Haselrig
- Lord Brooke
109
Which Cases gave the Opposition from the Puritans sympathies?
- The Case of Alexander Leighton
- William Prynne, John Bastwick and Henry Burton were all tried by the Star Chamber in 1637 and sent to distant prisons
110
Which case is imfamous for challenging the legality of ship money?
The Hampden Case which was supported by opposition groups and encouraged by Lord Saye and Sele
111
What were the events of the Hampden Case?
- Hampden was tried infront of the court of the exchequer by 12 judges
- Hampden was defended by Oliver St John (a member of the Providence Island Company) who argued that as England was not at war then there was no reason to raise the tax without parliamentary consent
- Charles argued that taxes could be raised by him when the country was at danger and he was the sole judge of this
- The verdict was in the favour of Charles by a 7-5 majority which showed that even fincial experts weren't agreed on its legality which almost justifed paying it late or even total refusal to pay
112
What % of the ship tax was collected in subsequent years following the Hampden Case?
- 90% in 1637
- 80% in 1638
- 25% in 1639
113
What emergency commitee was set up as a substitue to the Scottish government after the unrest?
The Tables
114
Where did Charles tell his Scottish government to relocate to from Edinburgh amidst the backlash?
Dundee
115
What was Laud's advice to Charles on the matters in Scotland?
Not to "yield a jot"
116
What did the Scots draw up in opposition of the King in 1638?
The National Covenant
117
Why did Charles temporarily suspend the Prayer Book and Canons?
It was a ploy to give him time to gather his forces to fight the Scots, while they armed themselves
118
When did the first Bishop war break out?
June 1639
119
Which Lord was in touch with the opposition leaders?
Lord Saye and Sele due to both sides hatred of Laudinism and that if the Scots invaded England then Charles would have to call a parliament for money and Saye and Sele's friends would be able to air their grievences
120
Who led the Scottish troops in the first Bishops war?
Alexander Leslie, an experienced soldier who had fought for the Swedish army in the 30 years war
121
What advantages did the Scots have in the Bishops wars?
- Charles depended on unruly county militias
- All were reluctant and badly paid, if at all
- They were also badly trained and local officials had found it tough to recruit most of them
122
How did Charles begin his campaign during the Bishops wars?
He marched his troops to York in 5 days and soon after crossed the border and his cavalry was far infront of the infantry
123
Where did Charles' troops meet Leslie's?
Near Kelso
124
What happened at and after the fighting near Kelso?
Charles' army retreated and a truce was agreed as Leslie's troops were also unhappy to cross the border
125
Where did negotiations take place after the First Bishop War?
Berwick-upon-Tweed
126
What was agreed in negotiations at Berwick?
Both agreed to disband their armys and Charles would call a Scottish general assembly and a parliament
127
What actually happened after the negotiations in Berwick?
The Scots (with a lack of trust for Charles) didn't disband their armies and the parliament met and accepted no royal control which led Charles to recall Wentworth from Ireland for advice in crisis
128
How much did Charles need to continue his efforts?
£300,000, which the city of London wouldn't lend him
129
When did Charles call the short parliament?
August 1640
130
How long did the Short Parliament last?
3 weeks before Charles dissolved it after it failed to provide what he needed
131
When did the second bishops war break out?
August 1640
132
What happened in the second bishops war?
- Charles and Wentworth remained in the South and the Scots captured Newcastle while most of the Royal army was in York still
- As a result of this Charles called a meeting of his peers who advised he called a parliamt and in negotiations with the Scots at Ripon they agreed they could keep Newcastle until a settlement was reached and that they would pay the Scots £850 per day until it was reached and that Charles would call an English Parliament
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When does Charles call the Long Parliament?
Summoned in September 1640 to sit on 3rd November 1640, marking the end of the Personal Rule
