Charles I Flashcards
1
Q
Who did Charles I marry?
A
French princess Henrietta Maria.
2
Q
When did Charles I marry Henrietta Maria?
A
1625
3
Q
When was Charles I’s first parliament?
A
1625
4
Q
Why was Charles I’s marriage to Henrietta Maria significant?
A
Catholic France being Catholic Spain’s main opponent in the Thirty Years War.
5
Q
What was Charles I’s first parliament known as?
A
The Useless Parlaiment
6
Q
What did Charles I ask the Useless parliament for and why?
A
He asked for £1 million in subsidies to fund England’s entry into the Thirty Years War.
7
Q
What did Charles I not do when he asked for £1 million of subsidies?
A
He refused to explain his position to parliament and what he intended to do with the money, causing distrust.
8
Q
How much did parliament grant Charles I when he asked for £1 million of subsidies?
A
They gave him two subsidies worth £140,000, showing their distrust.
9
Q
What did parliament grant Charles I in 1625 other than subsidies that showed their distrust?
A
They granted him tonnage and poundage for just one year whereas this would normally be for life.
10
Q
What did Charles I do with regards to tonnage and poundage?
A
Even though he was only granted it for one year, Charles continued to collect it anyway, seeing it as an attack on his prerogative for parliament not to.
11
Q
Who preached at the opening of Charles I’s first parliament and why was this controversial?
A
William Laud; he was an Arminian (Catholic) and added to fears within the Political Nation that Charles I was being controlled by Catholics.
12
Q
Why did Charles I think his first parliament was difficult to work with?
A
Charles thought that his difficulties with Parliament were caused by Puritans seeking to attack the powers of the Crown.
13
Q
What did Charles do to Richard Montagu, the Arminian author of ‘A New Gag for an Old Goose’?
A
He provocatively made him his royal chaplain after parliament had attacked Montagu over his book for its anti-Calvinist arguments.
14
Q
Who else other than Richard Montagu was a source of contention for Charles’ first parliament?
A
George Villiers and his ever-growing influence over James and now Charles - Charles made Villiers a Gentleman of the Bedchamber.
15
Q
What were the two worrying religious events of Charles I to his first parliament?
A
- His marriage to the Catholic Princess Henrietta Maria of France.
- His promotion of Laud and Montagu, both Arminians (Catholics).
16
Q
When was William Laud promoted to be Bishop of Bath and Wells and made a member of the Privy Council?
A
1625
17
Q
How long did Charles I’s first parliament last?
A
2 months because they criticised Buckingham and Montagu.
18
Q
When did Charles attempt to enter the Thirty Years War?
A
1625
19
Q
Who led Charles I’s attempt to enter the Thirty Years War?
A
The German mercenary Count Mansfeld.
20
Q
How many troops did Charles raise to give to Count Mansfeld in his attempt to enter the Thirty Years War and how many died?
A
6000 raised, 4000 died.
21
Q
Why was Charles I’s attempt to enter the Thirty Years War a failure?
A
Troops given to the German mercenary Count Mansfeld were raised by force and lacked the proper training or equipment, resulting in 4000 out of a total 6000 dying of disease and starvation.
22
Q
When did Charles I attempt to capture the Spanish port of Cadiz?
A
1625
23
Q
Who led the fleet to capture the Spanish port of Cadiz?
A
Buckingham as Lord High Admiral.
24
Q
Other than Cadiz, what else did Buckingham attempt to capture from the Spanish but failed?
A
The Spanish fleet transporting gold from South America.
25
What was the main cause of troop loss at Cadiz for England?
Lack of food, more than lost by gunfire.
26
Who did parliament and Charles blame for the failure at Cadiz?
Parliament blamed Buckingham, Charles blamed parliament for refusing to fund the expedition properly.
27
What might MPs refusal to grant funds for war be a sign of?
Their calls to join the Thirty Years War as had happened at the end of James I's reign was just rhetoric.
28
When was the Act of Revocation passed?
1625
29
What did the Act of Revocation do?
Allowed Charles to take land from the Scottish elite to support the Church in Scotland. Needless to say this angered the Scottish elite and united them against Charles.
30
What did Charles issue to Scotland in 1625?
A proclamation demanding observation of the Five Articles of Perth.
31
What is the date of James I's death and the ascension of Charles I to the throne of both England and Scotland?
27 March 1625
32
When was the Forced Loan issued?
1626
33
Why did Charles issue the Forced Loan?
Because he needed money to fight in the Thirty Years War and parliament would not give him any willingly.
34
How were those liable to pay the Forced Loan pressured to do so?
They were called to a public meeting and were individually pressed to pay. This method made refusal tom pay a very open act of opposition, and made it a test of political loyalty.
35
How many people were imprisoned for not paying the Forced Loan?
76
36
How much of the expected amount was collected from the Forced Loan?
70%
37
When did MPs start impeachment proceedings against Buckingham?
1626
38
Who led the challenge against Buckingham in parliament with the impeachment proceedings?
MP John Eliot
39
Why did Charles charge the Earl of Bristol with treason?
The Earl of Bristol - who had been the ambassador to Spain in 1623 when Charles and Buckingham had arrived in Madrid for the Spanish Match - knew that Charles had bribed and offered concessions to Catholics in England to try and secure the Match.
40
What was the result of the court case of treason against the Earl of Bristol?
Bristol gave evidence in the Lords that persuaded them that Buckingham should be the one charged with treason instead.
41
What did Charles I say to parliament when they started impeachment proceedings against Buckingham?
"as I find the fruits of them good or evil, they are to continue or not to be." This sounded too much like absolutism for parliament.
42
Why did Charles I dissolve parliament in 1626?
To save Buckingham from impeachment.
43
What was the York House Conference?
February 1626, held at York House in London.
44
Who chaired the York House Conference, who did not show up, and what was its purpose and outcome?
It was chaired by Buckingham and was meant to be a way of resolving religious issues and persuading Charles of moving away from the anti-Calvinism of people such as Montagu. Charles did not attend the conference, and it became clear afterwards that Charles would not be dissuaded from supporting the anti-Calvinist Arminians.
45
When was the attack on La Rochelle?
1627
46
Who did Charles I go to protect at La Rochelle?
Protestant Huguenots
47
Who led the attack on La Rochelle?
Buckingham as Lord High Admiral.
48
Of the soldiers that went with Buckingham to La Rochelle, how many returned?
7833 went with him; 2989 returned.
49
Where did Buckingham land his fleet when he went to La Rochelle?
Buckingham landed his force on Ile de Re, an island just off La Rochelle.
50
How did Buckingham go about attacking La Rochelle?
He laid siege to the stronghold of St Martin when the French troops withdrew inside. After months of deadlock Buckingham attempted an assault, only to find the scaling ladders were too short.
51
When was the Five Knights' Case?
November 1627
52
What was the Five Knights' Case?
Of 76 people were imprisoned for not paying the forced loan, in November, five of the main resisters claimed a writ (court order) of habeas corpus.
53
What was the result of the Five Knights' Case?
Charles won, with the judgement upholding Charles' right to imprison without trial (undermining habeas corpus) those who had not paid the loan.
54
What did Charles have his Attorney General do in the Five Knights' Case?
The right for Charles to imprison anyone without reason only applied to the Five Knights' Case; it was not an absolute right. Charles, therefore, had Attorney General Sir Robert Heath falsify the legal record to say that he did have the right to imprison anyone he wanted without reason whenever he liked.
55
When was Charles I's third parliament?
1628
56
What were parliament's four grievances against Charles I at the start of his third parliament in 1628?
1. Taxation - Charles was still collecting tonnage and poundage.
2. Billeting - this was when troops raised for war were lodged with local populations and had to feed and house them. They were meant to be reimbursed for hosting the soldiers but this rarely ever materialised.
3. Martial law - this is military law that was imposed wherever soldiers were billeted. It overruled all other law which smacked too much of absolutism for parliament's liking.
4. Imprisonment without trial, which related to the Five Knights' case.
57
When was William Laud appointed Bishop of London?
1628
58
When was Richard Montagu appointed Bishop of Chichester?
1628
59
When was the Petition of Right?
1628
60
Who was the main author of the Petition of Right?
Sir Edward Coke
61
What did the Petition of Right state?
1. Parliament had to consent to taxation
2. No imprisonment without just cause
3. Martial law on the population was illegal
4. Imposition if billeting was illegal
62
What forced parliament to issue the Petition of Right?
In response to Charles' altering of the legal record of the Five Knights' Case, MPs were united in taking action to stop anything like it happening again as Charles' actions since 1625 had proven he could not be trusted to rule by an unwritten constitution and his powers needed to be restricted.
63
When did Charles I accept the Petition of Right?
7 June 1628
64
Why did Charles I accept the Petition of Right?
He did so under the threat of further proceedings against Buckingham, and because he though accepting it would make parliament for relaxed about granting him some much needed money.
65
Although Charles I did agree to the Petition of Right, what did he do before hand?
Charles did not use the proper signature to sign the Petition of Right, and therefore it was not given royal assent and the full force of law. Charles also told the royal printer to deface the statue number on the document, casting doubt on its legality.
66
What Remonstrances were issued by parliament in 1628?
1. The Commons viciously attacked Buckingham's foreign policy failure, and Coke denounced Buckingham as "the cause of all our miseries."
2. Another remonstrance a week later criticised Charles' continued collection of tonnage and poundage even though, in parliament's opinion, it went against the Petition of Right.
67
When were the Remonstrances against Buckingham and T&P?
June 1628
68
What did Sir Edward Coke say about Buckingham in the Remonstrance?
Coke denounced Buckingham as "the cause of all our miseries."
69
What did Charles I do in response to the Remonstrances?
Charles suspended parliament in response in order to continue to collect the taxes.
70
When was Buckingham assassinated?
23 August 1628
71
Who assassinated Buckingham?
John Felton, as soldier who had been in Buckingham's fleet that went to La Rochelle.
72
How was Buckingham's assassination met by the public?
With celebration for which Charles I blamed parliament.
73
What was the Crown debt by 1629?
£2 million
74
What were the four groups in Ireland?
- Irish Catholics (natives).
- Catholic Old English - descendants from the original English settlers who had adopted the native religion.
- Protestant New English - descendants from settlers from after the Reformation.
- Presbyterian Scots (mainly based in Ulster).
75
When was the Treaty of Susa signed?
1629
76
What did the Treaty of Susa do?
Secured peace with France.
77
When were the Three Resolutions passed?
2 March 1629
78
Who held the speaker of the Commons in his chair so the the Three Resolutions could be passed?
Radical MPs Denzil Holles and Benjamin Valentine.
79
What did the Three Resolutions express?
The Resolutions expressed parliament's opposition to Charles' favouring of Arminianism and the continued collection of tonnage and poundage without parliamentary approval.
80
What did Charles I do in response to the Three Resolutions?
Charles dissolved parliament two days later. He then had John Eliot, Denzil Holles, and Benjamin Valentine arrested for treason.
81
When did the Personal Rule begin?
4 March 1629
82
How did Charles I go about raising money after he did away with parliament for eleven years?
1. Customs duties - this included the continuing collection of tonnage and poundage. The Book of Rates published in 1635 updated the customs on goods paid to the Crown, and by the end of the 1930s it was bringing in £425,000 per annum.
2. Feudal dues - this included wardships, which brought in £75,000 a year for Charles.
3. Monopolies - a loophole in the Monopoly Act enabled Charles to continue granting monopolies.
4. Recusancy fines - the income from this increased by 500% between 1620 and 1634.
5. Distraint of knighthoods - anyone who owned land and had not been granted a knighthood at Charles' coronation was fined.
6. Forest fines - fines for any landowner who had encroached on areas of royal forests.
7. Enclosure fines - fins imposed on anyone who had illegally closed off common land.
83
What are the methods Charles I used to raise money during the Personal Rule known as?
Fiscal Feudalism
84
What is the Court of High Commission?
The main court of the Church used by Laud to enforce conformity.
85
What was the Court of Star Chamber?
If you were found guilty by the Court of High Commission then you were sent to the Court of Star Chamber to be sentenced. Laud was a member of both courts.
86
What happened to the courts of Star Chamber and High Commission during the Personal Rule?
These became two very important institutions during the Personal Rule.
87
When was the Treaty of Madrid?
1630
88
What did the Treaty of Madrid do?
Secured peace with Spain.
89
How was the Treaty of Madrid received?
This, and the Treaty of Susa, did not sit well with many, particularly Puritans, who saw the destruction of Catholicism as their duty and the Thirty Years War as the way of achieving it. The treaties with France and Spain marked Charles' withdrawal from the Thirty Years War.
90
When were distraint of knighthood fines introduced?
1630
91
When was Thomas Wentworth appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland?
1632
92
What successes did Wentworth have in Ireland?
He increased the authority of the Crown and the Church, and increased the customs duties which brought in more money for Charles.
93
When was William Laud made Archbishop of Canterbury?
1633
94
Who does Laud ban after becoming Archbishop?
Feoffees for Impropriations (a Puritan organisation)
95
What are the two main characteristics of Laudianism?
- A rejection of predestination.
| - Less emphasis on the Bible and more on ritual and ceremony.
96
What is Laudianism closest to?
Arminianism
97
What was the colloquial term for James I's handling of church and state that Charles I was said to have broken?
The Jacobethan balance.
98
What changes were made under Laudianism?
- Communion table was moved and railed off as an alter in the east end of the church.
- Increased emphasis on ceremony.
- Decoration such as stained glass windows.
- Increased use of music in services.
- Minsters wearing vestments instead of plain robes.
- Removal of the gentry's ornamental pews.
- Preaching limited to Sunday mornings and evenings .
99
Who wrote Histrio-mastix?
William Prynne
100
When was Histrio-mastix published?
1633
101
What did Histrio-mastix criticise?
The role of women performing in masque balls at Charles' court, one of whom was regularly the Queen.
102
When was the Book of Sports reissued by Charles?
1633
103
When was St Gregory's Case?
1633
104
What was St Gregory's Case?
One of the first open oppositions to religious change. Parishioners of St Gregory's Church challenged the moving of the communion table and they considered the richly decorated cloth covering the table to be too Catholic. Charles brought the parishioners before the Privy Council.
105
When was Charles I's Scottish coronation?
1633
106
When was the first time Charles visited Scotland after becoming king?
His coronation on 1633.
107
What was provocative about Charles' Scottish coronation?
Rather than choosing the traditional locations of either Scone or Stirling he opted for Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh. Furthermore, the ceremony was considered to be too Catholic.
108
What religious changes did Charles I make whilst in Scotland for his coronation?
- He introduced the rank of bishop to the Kirk.
- He made the church of St Giles a cathedral which were bother considered too Catholic.
- He went even further by announcing his intention to introduce a new prayer book.
109
When did Charles introduce forest fines?
1634
110
What was ship money?
A prerogative form of income imposed in times of emergency to fund the navy.
111
When did Charles levy ship money on coastal towns?
October 1934
112
When was the new Book of Rates issued?
1635
113
What was the Book of Rates?
A book that levied impositions on 1400 items and raised £70,000 a year - the equivalent of one parliamentary subsidy.
114
What did Charles do with ship money in 1635?
He extended it inland and levied it annually in 1639.
115
How much did ship money raise for Charles annually?
£200,000
116
When were new canons imposed on Scotland?
1636
117
What did the new canons of 1636 introduce?
- Alter to be placed against the east wall.
- Ministers to wear a surplice when they celebrated communion.
- Minister had to read from the prayer book with no improvisation.
118
Why were the new canons of 1636 in Scotland controversial?
Not only were these considered too Catholic but they were imposed by royal prerogative and Charles made no attempt to allow the Kirk or the Scottish Parliament to have a say.
119
When did Bishop Juxon become Lord Treasurer?
1636
120
When was Bishop John Williams imprisoned?
1637
121
Why was Bishop John Williams imprisoned?
He was imprisoned in 1637 for his book 'The Holy Table, Name and Thing', in which he criticised the alter policy.
122
Who were the three Puritans that were tried by the Court of Star Chamber?
Henry Burton, John Bastwick, and William Prynne.
123
Why were Burton, Bastwick, and Prynne tried by the Court of Star Chamber?
Criticising church policy.
124
What punishment did Burton, Bastwick, and Prynne receive?
Each were fined £5000 and imprisoned for life, but their further punishment of having their ears cropped was considered too brutal by many.
125
When was the trial of Burton, Bastwick, and Prynne?
1637
126
When was the new Laudian prayer book introduced to Scotland?
July 1637
127
What was controversial about the new Laudian prayer book introduced to Scotland in 1637?
It was introduced by royal prerogative again like the canons in 1636 with no consultation with the Kirk or Scottish Parliament. The Scots saw this as a threat to their religious independence.
128
What was the reaction to the reading of the new Laudian prayer book in Scotland?
When the new Laudian prayer book was read from the pulpit in St Giles Cathedral, a riot broke out.
129
When was the riot at St Giles?
July 1637
130
What did Charles' Privy Council do in response to the rioting?
Charles' Scottish Privy Council was force to flee Edinburgh in October as the rioting against the imposition of Laudianism continued.
131
When was the Hampden Case?
November 1637
132
What was the Hampden Case?
Charles took John Hampden to court because he refused to pay ship money, and it was hoped this would serve as an example to everyone else who was considering challenging Charles' authority.
133
What was the result of the Hampden Case in November 1637?
Charles did win, but at great political cost. The judges voted in favour of the Crown by seven votes to five which showed that Charles' authority was under severe pressure.
134
What happened to John Lilburne and who was he?
like Bastwick, Burton, and Prynne, Lilburne was found guilty for printing unlicensed Puritan literature.
135
When was John Lilburne tried and punished?
February 1638
136
When was the Scottish National Covenant writen?
February 1638
137
What was the Scottish National Covenant?
Written by Presbyterian radicals Archibald Johnstone of Wariston and Alexander Henderson to protest against Charles' religious policy and to preserve Presbyterianism.
138
What were those who signed the Scottish National Covenant known as?
All who signed up to the manifesto of the Covenant were known as Covenanters.
139
When did Charles allow the Scots to hold a religious general assembly?
September 1638
140
Why did Charles allow the Scots to hold a religious general assembly?
To give himself time to raise an army to fight the rioting Scots.
141
What was the result of the religious general assembly Charles allowed the Scots to hold?
In November 1638 they abolished both the canon laws imposed on them in 1636 and the role of Bishops that Charles had created during his coronation.
142
When was the First Bishops' War?
April 1639
143
When was the Truce of Berwick?
June 1639
144
What did the Truce of Berwick do?
This was meant to end the First Bishops' War as the armies of both sides were to be disbanded. However, despite agreeing to the treaty, the Covenanters did not trust Charles enough to disband their army and instead set about reducing royal power in Scotland even further.
145
When was Thomas Wentworth recalled from Ireland?
September 1639
146
Why did Charles recall Thomas Wentworth from Ireland?
He recalled him to help deal with the crisis in Scotland.
147
What did Wentworth advise Charles to do after he had been recalled?
On his return, Wentworth advised Charles to call parliament as the only way of raising money to fight the Scots. This would be known as the 'Short Parliament' because of Charles' refusal to compromise and taking the decision to face the Scots in the field on his own.
148
When did Charles admit the collection of ship money was illegal?
1640
149
Why did Charles admit the collection of ship money was illegal?
To try and gain favour with MPs.
150
When was the Earl of Bedford's bridge appointments scheme?
1640
151
What was the bridge appointments scheme?
This was an attempt the 'bridge' the gap between crown and parliament, and would have involved appointing MPs the positions in Charles' Privy Council, including Bedford himself as Lord Treasurer and John Pym as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
152
Who was John Pym?
John Pym emerged as Charles' leading critic in the Commons in 1640. His main aims were to remove and punish Charles' 'evil councillors' and the strengthening of Protestantism. He thought that by removing the abuses of the Personal Rule and restoring a truly Protestant Church, this would strengthen England politically and lessen the chances of popery and absolutism.
153
What was the result of the radical actions of parliamentarians like Pym?
Pym was the visible and vocal face of an increasingly far too radical attack on Charles, coupled with a dangerous appeal to the people outside Parliament. Pym can be seen as a symbol of how Parliament became more of a threat to moderates than Charles was. It was radicals like Pym that led to the formation of a royalist party and eventually the civil war.
154
When did the Short Parliament begin?
13 April 1640
155
When did the Short Parliament end?
5 May 1640 - it lasted just 3 weeks.
156
Why did Charles dissolve the Short Parliament so soon?
It had become apparent very quickly that the Commons were not prepared to grant Charles the subsidies he wanted to fight the Scots, and some key figures such as Pym and Fiennes were actually in league with the Scottish Covenanters.
157
What was it about the Short Parliament that shows how far Charles had alienated the Political Nation?
It is a mark of how far Charles had alienated the English Political Nation that they were less concerned by their usual enemy, the Scottish, who had an army on the border ready to invade, than with Charles' actions.
158
When was the Second Bishops' War?
August 1640
159
What happened in the course of the Second Bishops' War?
The Scots cross the River Tweed and meet little resistance and marched right on into Newcastle within ten days where they occupied the city.
160
When was the Petition of Twelve Peers?
August 1640
161
What was the Petition of Twelve Peers?
The Council of Peers (made up of English Lords) would not grant Charles any money - money which he desperately needed - until he had called another parliament. To emphasise this they produced the 'Petition of Twelve Peers' at the end of August.
162
When was the Treaty of Ripon?
12th October 1640
163
What did the Treaty of Ripon do?
Charles reluctantly agreed to this, which stated that he would pay the Scottish army's living costs (£850 a day) while they occupied English soil, which forced Charles to call another parliament to try and raise money.
164
When did the Long Parliament begin?
3 November 1640
165
How long did the Long Parliament last?
20 years, until 1660.
166
When did Wentworth's impeachment begin?
November 1640
167
Why did parliament try and impeach Wentworth in November 1640?
For his attempts to bring the Irish army to England in order to help Charles. He was regarded as the man who could make Charles absolutist and this scared MPs, but they also used Wentworth as a scapegoat. There was a real risk of punishment for openly criticising the king, so it was safer to blame 'evil councillors' like Wentworth and Laud. By impeaching Wentworth it was hoped Charles would see the need to accept reform and rule with Parliament.
168
When was the Root and Branch Petition?
December 1640
169
How many people signed the Root and Branch Petition?
15,000 Londoners
170
What did the Root and Branch Petition demand?
The end of bishops and episcopacy. The petition was debated in parliament in February 1641 and caused division. Pym supported it as it would remove some of the influence, and proposed bishops be replaced by locals in the parishes.
171
What was the result of the division in parliament as a result of the Root and Branch Petition?
Some in parliament saw the dismantling of the church structure as undermining the whole of society, and many moderates moved to support Charles as a result of this as he represented the Church.
172
When was the Bill of Attainder?
10 May 1641
173
What was the Bill of Attainder?
Wentworth's impeachment proceedings did not go as parliament had hoped, and it was decided they should proceed with a Bill of Attainder. This was a method that allowed for the execution of someone seen as a threat to the state without trial. Not everyone in parliament supported this, but at the end of February the Scots declared that they would not make peace unless there was an end to bishops in Scotland and Wentworth was dead. But in order for the Bill of Attainder to become an act and be carried out, Charles had to give it royal assent. This was his chance to save Wentworth but Charles gave assent and condemned Wentworth to death.
174
When was the Triennial Act?
15 February 1641
175
What was the Triennial Act?
This abolished ship money without parliamentary consent and stated Charles had to call a parliament every three years. If he failed to do so then a parliament could be called by the Lord Chancellor.
176
When were Wentworth and Laud imprisoned?
March 1641
177
When did Wentworth's trial begin in Parliament?
March 1641
178
When was the Army Plot?
3 May 1641
179
What was the Army Plot?
Pym revealed rumours of a Royalist 'Army Plot' to Parliament - officers apparently planned to seize the Tower of London, release Wentworth, and dissolve Parliament. There was not much evidence to support it but MPs also believed Charles was involved.
180
What was parliament's response to the Army Plot?
In response to the Army Plot, parliament passed a bill stating they could not be dissolved without their own consent.
181
When did the bridge appointments scheme fail?
May 1641, when the Earl of Bedford died.
182
When was the Royalist Party formed?
9 May 1641
183
Why was the Royalist Party created?
Moderates became scared that the actions of radials like Pym posed more of a threat to the political order than Charles did. In the face of radical Puritanism, in which Parliament would take over royal prerogative and the mob hold power, many nobles and gentry looked to the concept of monarchy rather than Charles himself as the best protection for a moderate Protestant Church.
184
When was Wentworth executed?
12 May 1641
185
When were the Ten Propositions?
24 June 1641
186
What were the Ten Propositions?
This document made clear that the king would need to make some concessions to parliament, including:
- Parliamentary influence over members of the Privy Council.
- Parliamentary control over the Queen and those around her.
- Parliamentary control over the religious education of the royal children.
187
When was the Cumbernauld Band?
August 1640
188
What was the Cumbernauld Band?
The Earl of Montrose and 17 other Scottish nobles had signed the Cumbernauld Band in August 1640, stating a desire to defend the king. This signalled a division in Scotland. Charles tried to capitalise on this by accepting the abolition of episcopacy in Scotland in the hope it would weaken support for the Scottish army still occupying Newcastle.
189
When did Charles visit Scotland after the Cumbernauld Band?
August 1641
190
Why did Charles visit Scotland in August 1641?
Charles tried to capitalise on the division by accepting the abolition of episcopacy in Scotland in the hope it would weaken support for the Scottish army still occupying Newcastle. Charles then left to visit Scotland in August 1641, but the Commons distrusted him and sent a Committee of Defence along with him to keep an eye on what he was doing.
191
When did the Irish Rebellion begin?
October 1641
192
What caused the Irish Rebellion?
After Wentworth was recalled to England to help fight the Scots, Irish Catholics were prompted to take action because of the growing influence of the Presbyterian Scots and Puritans in Scotland and England which was a threat to Catholic Ireland, and with Wentworth gone they feared a radical outsider taking his place who would impose harsh Protestant rules on them.
193
How many Protestants did the Irish Catholics slaughter at Ulster in the Irish Rebellion?
3000
194
When was the 'Incident'?
October 1641
195
What was the 'Incident'?
While Charles was in Scotland there was a royalist plot to kidnap radical Scottish Covenanters. Charles was linked to the plot because he attended the Parliament in Edinburgh in 12th October accompanied by armed forces. This destroyed all hope of him gaining Scottish support.
196
When was the Grand Remonstrance?
12 November 1641
197
What was the Grand Remonstrance?
Pym introduces this to Parliament. It was a list of criticisms of Charles' government since 1625, proving (to Pym anyway) why Charles could not be trusted to control an army needed to crush the Irish Rebellion. It was timed to be presented just before the king returned from Scotland, giving radical MPs time to whip up emotions in the London Mob.
198
What was the main significance of the Grand Remonstrance?
It resulted in the real formation of the two sides that would fight the civil war as MPs were forced to decide which side they were on.
199
When parliament voted on the Grand Remonstrance, what was the result?
It passed by 159 votes to 148.
200
What 'additional instruction' did Pym introduce to the Grand Remonstrance?
Pym introduced an 'additional instruction' stating that if Parliament raised an army to subdue the Irish, Charles had to appoint councillors approved by Parliament.
201
What was the result of the vote on Pym's 'additional instruction'?
Pym won the vote but only by 151 to 110.
202
What were the Royalist's views on the Remonstrance?
- They thought it was too radical.
| - They believed Charles was the rightful commander of the army.
203
What were the radicals' views on the Remonstrance?
- They thought Charles could not be trusted to lead an army and so supported the Grand Remonstrance.
204
What false evidence did the radicals present that proved Charles could not be trusted to lead an army?
One of the Irish Leaders produced a forged royal warrant, claiming it was from Charles, saying he was killing Protestants in the name of the king.
205
What was the London Mob?
This is the term given to Londoners who participated in politics. MPs knew the power mobilising the Mob could yield, and they were a clear factor in Charles' decision to sign the Bill of Attainder as he feared for his family's life. The main body of formal representation for the London Mob was the Common Council.
206
What was the result of the elections to the Common Council?
These elections returned a much more radical body than before, and over the winter radical MPs like Pym used the Mob to put pressure on the Lords to exclude bishops.
207
When was the Militia Bill?
7 December 1641
208
What was the Militia Bill?
When this was introduced to Parliament it forced all MPs to pick a side. The Bill proposed to:
- Remove the king's power over the trained bands completely.
- Give parliament the power to appoint army commanders.
Essentially the Bill would hand Parliament full control of the army. It was a revolutionary move as it went against Charles' royal prerogative directly. In response, Charles positioned himself as 'defender of the constitution' and of 'fundamental law'.
209
When was the Five Members Coup?
4 January 1942
210
What was the Five Members Coup?
Charles announces the impeachment of 5 of his key opponents including Pym and Hampden. Charles saw parliament as being under the control of a small radical group of Puritans. On the 4 January 1642 Charles entered parliament to arrest these men but found they had been forewarned and left already.
211
Why was the Five Members Coup controversial?
The king was not allowed to enter the Commons and those he tried to arrest had parliamentary privilege, making them exempt. Pym used this coup as further proof that Charles was a threat and could not be negotiated with.
212
What happened as a result of the Five Members Coup?
The coup also led to demonstrations by the London Mob, causing Charles to fear for his and his family's life and to flee to Hampton Court. By leaving the capital, Charles gave control of London to Parliament, the largest city in the country and the heart of the state.
213
When was the Exclusion Bill?
5 February 1942
214
What was the Exclusion Bill?
The Lords accepted this, removing bishops from the House of Lords and in doing so reduced the influence of the king.
215
Why did the Lords feel pressured to accept the Exclusion Bill?
They felt forced to accept the Bill after a petition gained 30,000 signatures from the London Mob.
216
When was the Militia Ordinance?
March 1642
217
Why did parliament proceed with the Militia Ordinance instead of the Militia Bill?
A Bill would require Charles to give royal assent, something he would never give.
218
When was the Commissions of Array?
March 1642
219
What did parliament propose doing in order to fund an army after they had passed the Militia Ordinance?
In order to fund one they (ironically) proposed the raising of £400,000 by ship money.
220
What was the Commissions of Array?
A prerogative means of raising an armed force issued by Charles in response to the Militia Ordinance.
221
What was the ultimatum created by the Militia Ordinance and the Commissions of Array?
This meant to country he to decide; answer the Militia Ordinance and side with Parliament, or accept the Commissions of Array and join the king.
222
What did Charles do in April 1642?
He tried to seize the arsenal at Hull?
223
When were the Nineteen Propositions?
June 1642
224
What were the Nineteen Propositions?
This was issued by Parliament stating their demands for a negotiated settlement:
- All Privy Councillors to be approved by Parliament.
- The five impeached MPs pardoned.
- Charles accept the Triennial Act and the Militia Ordinance.
- Parliament would direct a reformation of the Church.
225
When did the First English Civil War start?
22 August 1642
226
How did the First Civil War start?
Charles I declares war on Parliament by raising the standard at Nottingham - the English Civil War had officially begun.
227
When was the assessment?
November 1642
228
What was the assessment?
A tax on income introduced by Parliament used to raise money for their armies.
229
What battle for London took place in November 1642?
Royalists prevented from taking London at Turnham Green.
230
Why was London such a key area to have control over?
- London was the centre of printing and gave Parliament the advantage in the production of propaganda.
- Parliament had access to City loans.
- London was England's largest port.
- London was the industrial centre and so could provide arms and clothes to the Parliamentary forces.
231
When was the Solemn League and Covenant?
1643
232
What was the Solemn League and Covenant?
An agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians.
233
What was the result of the Solemn League and Covenant?
This saw the Scots send 21,000 troops to England in return for mistakenly thinking Presbyterianism would be established in England.
234
Did all Scots side with parliament and if not, who did not?
The Earl of Montrose led royalist forces north of the border to fight the Covenanters. Montrose had a series of victories in 1644 and 1645, but with little material gain. In 1645 a Covenanter army of 6000 returned from England and crushed Montrose's army, ending Charles' hopes in Scotland.
235
What was the Cessation?
The Earl of Ormond (leader of the Royalist forces in Ireland) signs a one year truce with the Irish Catholic Confederation on behalf of Charles.
236
When was the Cessation?
1643
237
What was the result of the Cessation?
This allowed Charles to bring 22,000 Irish troops over to England to help him fight the Civil War. However, this only fuelled fears of Charles' Catholic sympathy as many of the troops were Catholic. Furthermore, they proved ineffective in battle.
238
When was the Battle of Marston Moor?
July 1644
239
What was the Battle of Marston Moor?
The largest battle of the Civil War and a significant victory for Parliament. But Parliament failed to capitalise on this and suffered some defeats a few months later, prompting them to form the New Model Army.
240
When did the Earl of Montrose have wins against the Covenanters at Tippermuir?
September 1644
241
When did the Levellers rise to prominence in London?
1645
242
Who were the Levellers?
A London-based pressure group that sought reform as a result of the economic distress caused by the Civil War - John Lilburne was a major figure within the movement.
243
What were the demands of the Levellers?
```
○ Extension of the franchise
○ Written constitution (agreement of the people)
○ House of Commons as the legislature, removing the power of the monarch and the Lords
○ Frequent elections
○ Redistribution of seats
○ Religious freedom
○ Reform of the law
○ Elected local government
Economic reform
```
244
What does the rise of the Levellers show?
Their growth shows how politics moved from the Political Nation to the streets of London
245
When was the New Model Army formed?
February 1645
246
Who led the New Model Army?
Formed under the leadership of Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell.
247
What was special about the new Model Army?
It is the first of its kind: a regularly paid and strongly motivate fighting force, motivated by their Puritan beliefs.
248
When was the Battle of Naseby?
June 1645
249
What happened at the Battle of Naseby?
Charles was thoroughly defeated by the New Model Army at Naseby. This was the turning point of the first English Civil War. It destroyed Charles' military capabilities in England at the same time as his position fell apart in Scotland and Ireland.
250
Who was Prince Rupert?
Charles nephew and commander-in-chief of the Royalist forces
251
What did Prince Rupert do after the defeat at the Battle of Naseby?
He called for a settlement and negotiated peace with Parliament.
252
When was the Earl of Montrose defeated in Scotland at Philiphaugh?
September 1645
253
What were the two factions on the Parliamentarian side by 1646?
Political Presbyterians (the more influential of the two groups) and the Political Independents.
254
What were the Political Presbyterians like?
- More moderate in nature, sometimes called the 'Peace Party'.
- ▫ Generally conservative in social and political matters.
- Opposed to religious toleration.
- Favoured a negotiated peace with the king and were willing to accept settlement on minimal terms (including the disbanding of the NMA).
- Increasingly disenchanted with the NMA.
- Drew closer to the Scots.
- Supported the Presbyterian Church to prevent social revolution.
255
What were the Political Independents like?
- Key figures - Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton.
- More radical in nature; sometimes called the 'War Party'.
- Disliked the authoritarianism of Scottish Presbyterianism.
- Wanted religious toleration.
- Allied with the NMA as they saw them as security against Charles.
- Willing to settle with the king and disband the NMA only if Charles accepted limitations to his power.
256
When did the Earl of Ormond sign a peace with the Catholic Confederation in Ireland?
March 1646
257
Why did Ormond sign a peace with the Catholic Confederation in Ireland?
They stopped sending troops over to England to help Charles.
258
When did Charles surrender in the First Civil War?
5 May 1646
259
Who did Charles surrender to and why?
Charles surrendered to the Scottish forces in the hope that they would give him better settlement terms than the English Parliament would, but they handed him over to the English Parliament who placed him under house arrest.
260
When did the remaining Royalist forces surrender to parliament at Oxford, whereby ending the First Civil War?
24 June 1646
261
What were parliament's strengths in the First Civil War?
▫ The Solemn League and Covenant.
▫ The assessment.
▫ Holding London.
▫ More support in the counties and control of wealthier areas.
▫ Control of the navy - they could bring in supplies from the continent and disrupt Charles' supply lines.
▫ The New Model Army - the first of its kind; regularly paid and strongly motivated by their Puritan beliefs.
262
What was Charles' position like after he lost the First Civil War?
Even though Charles was defeated militarily, he was still in a strong position as the recognised ruler of the kingdom and was in a strong position to negotiate a settlement. He refused to consider Parliament's settlements which initially was a politically astute move, allowing the divisions between the English Parliament, Scottish Covenanters, and New Model Army to play out.
263
What were the Royalist weaknesses?
▫ Areas under Royalist control were poorer.
▫ Clubmen (men who tried to defend their localities from both armies) hampered Royalist forces.
▫ Commissions of Array of dubious legality.
▫ Indecisiveness.
▫ Lack of leadership from Charles - his wife was very influential, more so than his war council. Charles was also a poor military leader, and did not listen to the advice of his Council of War.
264
When were the Newcastle Propositions?
July 1646
265
What were the Newcastle Propositions?
This was the Political Presbyterian's plan for a settlement with Charles:
○ Religion: Charles would accept the establishment of Presbyterianism in England for 3 years
○ Militia: Parliament would control the militia for 20 years.
○ Parliament: the Triennial Act was to remain.
○ Royalists: all but 58 Royalists were to be pardoned, hopefully encouraging others to accept defeat.
266
What did the Political Presbyterians want to do to the New Model Army after victory in the First Civil War?
They sought to disband the New Model Army before paying them - Parliament owed the army £3 million - but keep a smaller force to go over to Ireland and crush the Irish Catholics there.
267
How much did parliament owe the New Model Army?
£3 million
268
What was the Indemnity Act?
It was an Act that would have prevented the New Model Army from being charged for crimes committed during the Civil War, but parliament would not pass it, making the NMA worried and bringing them into politics.
269
What did the Political Presbyterians want to create instead of the NMA?
The Political Presbyterians wanted to create an alternative army to replace the New Model Army, based on the London Trained Bands - this would result in the disbandment of the New Model Army before the soldiers had been paid. By attempting to implement their plans, the Political Presbyterians inadvertently brought the New Model Army into the politics of settlement.
270
What did Denzil Holles, leader of the Political Presbyterians, do that angered the NMA?
He wrote the Declaration of Dislike, a document labelling the army as 'enemies of the state and disturbers of the public peace', much to the offence of the New Model Army.
271
When did Denzil Holles write the Declaration of Dislike?
July 1646
272
When did the New Model Army petition parliament?
March 1647
273
Why did the New Model Army petition parliament?
The Newcastle Propositions made it clear to the New Model Army that they were going to be left out of any settlement with Charles. They therefore took action and entered politics. They petitioned Parliament in March for redress of their grievances - Parliament condemned this petition.
274
When did Parliament vote to accept Charles' third reply to the Newcastle Propositions?
May 1647
275
When did Parliament vote to disband the New Model Army?
25 May 1647
276
How much did Parliament intend to pay the NMA when they voted to disband them?
8 weeks' pay.
277
When was the General Council of the Army formed?
June 1647
278
Why was the General Council of the Army formed?
As the politicisation of the army in reaction to the Political Presbyterians became more pronounced, they formed a more formal political structure in the General Council of the Army, led by Cromwell, Fairfax, Ireton. It was through this body that the New Model Army would seek settlement.
279
When did George Joyce kidnap Charles?
2 June 1647
280
Why was the NMA's physical control over Charles after Joyce kidnapped he significant?
It made the New Model Army a significant force in politics as they had to be taken seriously.
281
What is the Humble Remonstrance?
Published by the Mew Model Army, restating the demands in the original petition and declaring they would not disband until their grievances were met - these included indemnity and the removal of Holles' Presbyterian faction from Parliament. At the same time the army began a slow march on London to put pressure on parliament.
282
When was the Humble Remonstrance issued?
4 June 1647
283
Who issued the Humble Remonstrance?
New Model Army
284
When was the Representation of the Army publsihed?
14 June 1647
285
What was the Representation of the Army?
Written by Ireton, outlining the fundamentals of the army's political position:
○ A purge of Parliament.
○ Future Parliaments of fixed duration.
○ Guaranteed right of freedom of the people to petition Parliament.
○ An extension of religious freedom.
286
What did the army do in July 1647?
Impeachment charges drawn up against 11 MPs, including Holles, by the army - they saw Holles as leading Parliament against them.
287
When did Holles lead a mob to invade the Commons and forcefully pass a resolution to invite the king to London?
26 July 1647
288
When were the Heads of Proposals?
2 August 1647
289
What were the Heads of Proposals?
This was the army's own settlement plan. Its main points were:
○ Biennial parliaments
○ Reform of parliamentary representation
○ Parliamentary control of the army and navy
○ Parliamentary appointment of the great offices of state for ten years
○ Religious settlement that maintained the national church with bishops, but no coercive power
○ Act of Oblivion that exempted only a few Royalists from punishment
290
When did the Political Independents walk out of Parliament to join the army who had arrived just outside of London?
3 August 1647
291
When did the army march into London?
6 August 1647
292
When were the Putney Debates?
October 1647
293
What were the Putney debates?
Held between the General Council of the Army, Adjutators (junior officers who took a leading role in the politicisation of the army), and the Levellers to discuss how England should be governed in the future.
294
When was The Case of the Army Truly Stated?
October 1647
295
What was The Case of the Army Truly Stated?
A Leveller pamphlet that was circulated within the army to try and exploit the concerns of the lower ranking officers that they would be forgotten in any settlement. It attacked the army leadership over their continued attempts to settle with Charles.
296
When was the An Agreement of the People?
October 1647
297
What was the An Agreement of the People?
This was the Levellers' manifesto. Its name derived from the fact everyone who wished to be a citizen of the state had to sign the document to show their agreement to its demands:
○ Extension of the franchise - sovereignty to reside in the people
○ Written constitution (Agreement of the People)
○ Removal of the power of the Lords and the monarch - only the Commons to remain
○ Frequent elections - biennial elections
○ Redistribution of seats
○ Religious freedom
○ Reform of the law
○ Elected local government
○ Economic reform
298
When did Charles escape his arrest at Hampton Court?
12 November 1647
299
After Charles escapes his imprisonment at Hampton Court, what does he do?
He begins to negotiate with the Scots to help him campaign against Parliament, and the position of the army and the Levellers is undermined. This caused the higher and lower ranking officers to reunite and face the new military threat together.
300
Who were the Engagers?
A faction of Scottish Covenanters who were unhappy with their alliance with the English Parliament.
301
When was the Engagement?
December 1647
302
What was the Engagement?
A secret agreement between Charles and the Engagers. In it Charles agreed that England would have a 3 year period of Presbyterianism in return for the Scots invading England against Parliament and restoring Charles to power. This meant that at some point the Covenanters would invade England against their previous allies and trigger the second civil war.
303
When was the Vote of No Adresses?
January 1648
304
What was the Vote of No Adresses?
This was passed by Parliament as a result of the Engagement, and it stated that there would be no further negotiation with Charles.
305
When did the Second Civil War begin?
February 1648
306
What happened in Wales in March 1648?
Series of Royalist and anti-Parliament/Presbyterian risings in Wales between March and April - Cromwell was sent to deal with these which he did successfully.
307
When was the Windsor Prayer Meeting?
April 1648
308
What was the Windsor Prayer Meeting?
The New Model Army gathered at Windsor to pray before facing their enemies. The preachers declared that Charles was the 'man of blood'. This was the first time the army debated regicide. They thought Charles was going against God's will by starting the Second Civil War, and saw themselves as God's Instrument on earth, doing God's will.
309
When did the Scots invade England in support of Charles in the Second Civil War?
July 1648
310
When was Charles recaptured by parliament?
August 1648
311
When did parliament repeal the Vote of No Addresses?
August 1648
312
Why did parliament repeal the Vote of No Addresses?
The Political Independents had become wary of the radicalism of the New Model Army, and moved for a reconciliation with the king and away from supporting the army as they had done previously.
313
When did the Second Civil War end?
August 1648
314
What did defeat in the Second Civil War mean for Charles?
Charles' defeat convinced the New Model Army leaders that God had condemned Charles and that now a settlement with him was impossible. Leaders such as Cromwell, who before had been wary of trying the king in court, now accepted that his defeat and the providence of God meant justice must be done.
315
When did the Newport Treaty negotiations begin?
October 1648
316
When was the Remonstrance of the Army?
18 November 1648
317
What was the Remonstrance of the Army?
This outlined the position of the army following Charles' defeat in the Second Civil War. In it they demanded that Parliament put Charles on trial. If they refused then they threatened to purge Parliament.
318
When were the Whitehall Debates?
December 1648
319
What were the Whitehall Debates?
The Levellers met with the General Council of the Army to debate the first 'Agreement of the People'. The Levellers wanted this document to form the basis for a new constitution, but nothing could be agreed upon.
320
When did parliament vote to continue with the Newport Treaty?
5 December 1648
321
What was the result of parliament's vote to continue with the negotiations of the Newport Treaty?
Parliament votes to continue with the Newport Treaty by 129 votes to 83.
322
What did parliament's vote to continue with the Newport Treaty mean?
This meant the NMA's demand in the Remonstrance that Charles be put on trial was not going to be adhered to, and the army felt forced to act on the threats they had made to Parliament.
323
When was Pride's Purge?
6 December 1648
324
What was Pride's Purge?
Ireton and Colonel Thomas Pride purged Parliament of MPs regarded as the most in favour of negotiating with Charles, leaving only those who were willing to bring the king to justice.
325
After Pride's Purge, what was the parliament that was left known as?
The Rump Parliament.
326
What did Charles refuse to do when brought to trial?
When bought to trial, Charles refused to acknowledge the court's legitimacy, denying they had the authority to judge a monarch.
327
When was the General Council of the Army's version of the Agreement of the People published?
20 January 1649
328
When was Charles I beheaded?
30 January 1649
329
What made Cromwell believe Charles had to be removed?
Faced with Charles' stubbornness, Cromwell was reinforced in his belief that Charles had to be permanently removed to settle the nation, because if they didn’t he would continue to try and wage war. This was also reinforced by providence, as it was believed God had led those who wanted Charles executed to this decision.
330
What was the failure of settlement and Charles' eventual execution linked to?
○ Charles refusing to accept a settlement.
○ The division between the Political Presbyterians and Political Independents.
○ The politicisation of the New Model Army.
○ The army's relationship with the Levellers.
○ The army's attempt to settle with Charles.
○ The role of key army figures.
○ The army's relationship with parliament.
○ The development of religious and political radicalism.
