CHAT 2

Question 1

Temporal vs Spatial Resolution

Answer 1

SPATIAL - fMRI - locates active parts of the brain

TEMPORAL - EEG - captures fast changes in braun activity

Question 2

Cell Death

Answer 2

It happens trough 2 key processes and it is basically the death of neurones

1. Apoptosis - programmed cell death - natural process of getting rid pf unnecessary neurones
2. Necrosis - injury induced cell death - unplanned cell death caused by disease and injury

Question 3

Neurotransmitters and Their Roles

Answer 3

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that send signals between synapses.

DOPAMINE - motivation, reward
high - schizophrenia
low - Parkinson’s

SEROTONIN - mood, appetite, sleep
low - anxiety, depression

ACh - memory, attention, learning
low - Alzheimer’s

NOREPINEPHRINE - alertness, arousal, fight or flight

GLUTAMATE - main excitatory neurotransmitter, learning and memory

GABA - main inhibitory neurotransmitter, relaxes the brain

ENDORPHINS - natural painkiller, released during sex, exercise and excitement

Substance P - sends pain signals to the brain

Question 4

Learning and Brain Areas

Answer 4

1. Cerebral cortex- hippocampus (explicit memory) and basal ganglia (implicit memory)
2. Mirror neurones - social learning and imitation

Question 5

Memory: ACh, Hippocampus, and Plasticity

Answer 5

ACh - main neurotransmitter for memory and learning

Hippocampus - stores and consolidates memory (explicit memory) also spatial memory

Plasticity - the brain changes with learning

Question 6

False Memories

Answer 6

Constructed with suggestive influences and blending the real memory with the imagined one.

Question 7

Definition of a Neuron

Answer 7

It is a specialised cell that transmits nerve impulses it consists of an axon, dendrites, soma, terminals and myelin sheath.

Question 8

Synapse

Answer 8

A gap between two neutrons, where they communicate (transmit signals).

Question 9

Disorders: Multiple Sclerosis, Dementia

Answer 9

Multiple Sclerosis - the immune system attacks the myelin in the CNS

Dementia - a neurodegenerative disorder causing progressive memory loss, confusion, and cognitive decline (same for both)

Question 10

Language Acquisition

Answer 10

Broca’s area - speech production

Wernicke’s area - language comprehension

Glial and pyramidal cells play supporting roles.

Question 11

Emotion & Fear

Answer 11

Amygdala - central for fear and emotional memory

James - Lange Theory - emotions are a result of physiological reaction to stimuli.

Hormones and autonomic nervous system play a role in emotions and fear.